Electric electrical equivalent

Electrical equivalent for thermal energy (kWh/m ) 8-18 2.5-10 None None... 

The corrosion reaction may also be represented on a polarisation diagram (Fig. 10.4). The diagram shows how the rates of the anodic and cathodic reactions (both expressed in terms of current flow, I) vary with electrode potential, E. Thus at , the net rate of the anodic reaction is zero and it increases as the potential becomes more positive. At the net rate of the cathodic reaction is zero and it increases as the potential becomes more negative. (To be able to represent the anodic and cathodic reaction rates on the same axis, the modulus of the current has been drawn.) The two reaction rates are electrically equivalent at E , the corrosion potential, and the... 

Recent work has shown that bacteria, in common with chloroplasts and mitochondria, are able, through the membrane-bound electron transport chain aerobically, or the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) anerobically, to maintain a gradient of electrical potential and pH such that the interior of the bacterial cell is negahve and alkaline. This potential gradient and the electrical equivalent of the pH difference (1 pH unit = 58 mV at 37°C) give a potential difference across the membrane of 100-180 mV, with the inside negative. The membrane is impermeable to protons, whose extmsion creates the potential described. 

A model for the ac response of real electrodes is the simple electric equivalent circuit consisting of a resistance R and capacitance Q conneeted in series (Fig. 12.12a). It follows from the rules for ac circuits that for this combination... 

FIGURE 30.2 Electrical equivalent circuit of a cell membrane. 

To parameterize a Langmuir model, you determine from experimental measurements not only the equilibrium constant K, but the surface s sorption capacity (or exchange capacity). The latter value is a measure of the number of sorbing sites and is commonly reported in moles or electrical equivalents, per gram of dry sediment. Multiplying the sorption capacity in moles by the mass of sediment in a system gives the mole number of sorbing sites, which is... 

A generalised model of electrical equivalent circuit for painted surfaces has been considered in many of the recent publications. Googan ( 2) used it to study vinyl coatings free of defects and coatings containing defects. Electrocoatings were also evaluated. Muslanl et al (27) in their investigation of mild steel... 

The present study deals with two types of paints applied on phosphated steel, the influence of temperatures upto 90 C and immersion times upto 10 days. The results obtained are analyzed in the light of published information briefly described in this section. An electrical equivalent circuit similar to the one used by Muslanl et al (27) is considered suitable for the analysis. 

Figure 4.5. Electrical equivalent of the Helmholtz double layer a parallel-plate capacitor.

In Section 4.3 it was shown that the electrical equivalent of the Helmholtz double layer is a parallel-plate capacitor (Fig. 4.5). In Section 4.5 (Fig. 4.9) it was shown that... 

In all cases comparisons were made with dilutions electrically equivalent, e.g. OTWlSTaCl, O OSJV MgCb, 0 033iV AlClg. 

It is also shown straightforwardly that the electric equivalent of B(3 the putative E(3) held, vanishes, as discussed elsewhere [8]. The demonstration uses the dehnition ... 

Fig. 6.62. The Helmholtz-Perrin parallel-plate model, (a) A layer of ions on the OHP constitutes the entire excess charge in the solution. (b) The electrical equivalent of such a double layer is a parallel-plate condenser, (c) The corresponding variation of potential is a linear one. (Note The solvation sheaths of the ions and electrode are not shown in this diagram nor in subsequent ones.)...

Once the electrical equivalence between an electrified interface and a capacitor is postulated, the electrostatic theory of capacitors can be used for double layers. It is known, for example, that the potential difference V across a condenser of unit area is... 

Fig. 6.80. A dipole layer is electrically equivalent to a parallel-plate condenser.

Electret. The electrical equivalent of a permanent magnet. When a block of dielectric material, such as carnauba wax, is allowed to be solidified in a strong electric field it acquires a permanent state of electrostatic polarization (orientation of molecules) in the direction of the field. 

In order to derive the relation between EMF and the chemical potential difference probed at different surfaces of the stressed solid, we formulate the reversible work and its electrical equivalent. If zAF-dnA electric charges are transported across the electrolyte between the two surfaces labeled 1 and 2 in Figure 8-8, the electrical work is... 

Pipeline diameter, inch Throughput, billion cubic meters p.a. at 80% utilization Required reserves for 20 year operation, billion cubic meters dry gas Required incremental market size (offtake), MW electric equivalent Distance to market at ACTI 35 per 1000 cubic meters13... 

The simplest electrical elements that can be part of an electrical equivalent circuit are resistance R, capacity C and induction L, with the following impedance functions ... 

Figure 2.6 shows an electrical equivalent circuit of an electrode to which a chemical reaction occurs ... 

Electrical equivalent circuit representing the model of Ershler-Randles. 

Figure 2.7 shows a Nyquist plot corresponding to the electrical equivalent circuit of Fig. 2.6. The slope of the impedance can be explained by a circuit, consisting of different resistive and capacitive components37. The...

A solution to this problem is the use of electrical equivalent circuits without constant-phase elements (note that a good numerical simulation of the experiments can be obtained only by inserting constant-phase elements) only pure capacities are used. This method, although not convincing, results in comparable capacities. 

Finally, it can be seen from Fig. 9.9a that the real impedance does not remain constant at low frequencies for the textile electrode, and this effect is more pronounced at higher electrolyte concentrations. Probably, Zr is influenced by other effects only occurring in the low-frequency range. This effect is frequently observed and described in the literature and is caused by non-uniformity of surfaces at the micro-scale, which in fact is the case for the textile electrodes. It is also not possible to explain this effect by a pure resistor or a pure capacitor in the electrical equivalent circuit. For this purpose, constant-phase elements are implemented as described in the theoretical discussion of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (presented in Chapter 2, section 2.4). 

To understand the electrical behaviour of the LAPS-based measurement, the LAPS set-up can be represented by an electrical equivalent circuit (see Fig. 5.2). Vbias represents the voltage source to apply the dc voltage to the LAPS structure. Re is a simple presentation of the reference electrode and the electrolyte resistance followed by a interface capacitance Cinterface (this complex capacitance can be further simulated by different proposed models as they are described, e.g., in Refs. [2,21,22]). In series to the interface capacitance, the insulator capacitance Cj will summarise the capacitances of all insulating layers of the LAPS device. The electrical current due to the photogeneration of electron-hole pairs can be modelled as current source Ip in parallel to the... 

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