Equivalent diagram, electric

Fig. 3A-C. Representations of the differential-charging effect. A Heterogeneous sample consisting of conducting base (black) and a structured insulating surface (grey). The arrows depict schematically current trajectories for different spots of the sample denoted by the indices 1,2, 3 (11,12,13 - emitted currents). Due to different resistance properties, different potentials Ui, U2, U3 arise. B Electrical equivalence diagram for a sample under constant irradiation. C Effect of differential charging on the position of the energy scale of the photoemission experiment...

Figure 7.16 Scheme of a Calvet calorimeter with a thermal and electric equivalent diagram (for... 

Figure 7.16 provides a heat conduction scheme and an electric equivalent diagram for the sample containing part of the twin calorimeter for a better... 

The corrosion reaction may also be represented on a polarisation diagram (Fig. 10.4). The diagram shows how the rates of the anodic and cathodic reactions (both expressed in terms of current flow, I) vary with electrode potential, E. Thus at , the net rate of the anodic reaction is zero and it increases as the potential becomes more positive. At the net rate of the cathodic reaction is zero and it increases as the potential becomes more negative. (To be able to represent the anodic and cathodic reaction rates on the same axis, the modulus of the current has been drawn.) The two reaction rates are electrically equivalent at E , the corrosion potential, and the... 

Fig. 6.62. The Helmholtz-Perrin parallel-plate model, (a) A layer of ions on the OHP constitutes the entire excess charge in the solution. (b) The electrical equivalent of such a double layer is a parallel-plate condenser, (c) The corresponding variation of potential is a linear one. (Note The solvation sheaths of the ions and electrode are not shown in this diagram nor in subsequent ones.)...

Using the equivalency relationships in Table 3.1, propose an equivalent electrical circuit diagram for an enzyme thermistor operated (a) in direct detection mode and (b) in the feedback, push-pull mode. 

Fig. 5.60 Equivalent electrical cir- Fig. 5.61 Equivalent electrical circuit diagram...

We put these relationships in analogy to an electrical circuit. According to (5.146), the current Qu caused by the potential difference between aTf and H, flows through a conductor with resistance (1 — e /AySy. This is illustrated in the equivalent electrical circuit diagram in Fig. 5.60. Eq. (5.146) can be interpreted as the current with a potential Hy splitting at a node into wires with the geometric resistances (1/AyF ) to the potentials Hj, see Fig. 5.61. The wire possible for Fu 0 is missing, as due to = H no current flows. 

Fig. 5.62 Equivalent electrical circuit diagram for the radiative exchange in a hollow enclosure according to Fig. 5.59...

In complicated geometries the boundary walls of an enclosure must be divided into several zones. Non-isothermal walls also have to be split into a number of isothermal surfaces (= zones) in order to increase the accuracy of the results13. The equivalent electrical circuit diagram introduced in 5.5.3.2 would be confusing for this case. It is more sensible to set up and then solve a system of linear equation for the n radiosities of the n zones. The difficulty here is not the solving of the large number of equations in the system, but is the determination of the n2 view factors that appear. 

The next fundamental design document for plant electrical engineering is the single line diagram, very much the electrical equivalent of the flowsheet. This document is not the exclusive preserve of the electrical engineer it requires the input of the process and mechanical engineers. Its format is dependent on the following. 

Fig. 15.4 illustrates the schematic arrangement of the individual CFY sensors of the sensor layout over the entire dimension of the developed turbine blade and associated electrical equivalent circuit diagrams of individual resistors. The developed sensor network consists of a series of CFY circuit loops, each covering a different section referred to the blade root, thus allowing spatially resolved measurement of the accumulated strain depending on the integration length of the sensors (Fig. 15.4). The... 

Figure 6.7 (a] representation of the electrical equivalent circuit in the case of the film formation (b) simulation of the corresponding impedance diagram in the Nyquist plan. 

The characteristic parameters of an impedance spectrum are determined by modeling the impedance spectrum as an equivalent electric circuit diagram. The complexity of the model is adapted, depending on the degree of precision sought. 

The Thevenin model is a relatively simple equivalent diagram for describing the electrical behavior of a battery. This model, represented by Figure 5.6, is frequently used because of its simphcity. It comprises an ideal voltage source Fq, an internal... 

Fig. 5 Simple electrical equivalent circuit diagrams, (a) Each capacitor represents one electrode -which could each, for example, be two sheets of conducting polymer. The contact resistance Rc represents the sum of electrical contact resistances at both electrodes. is the electrolyte or separator resistance. The other two resistors, shown in (b), represent loss of charge due to parasitic reactions. In the literature, typically the equivalent circuit either describes only one electrode or lumps both electrodes into one capacitance. Often, solution and contact resistances are also lumped together...

In an analysis of an electrode process, it is useful to obtain the impedance spectrum —the dependence of the impedance on the frequency in the complex plane, or the dependence of Z" on Z, and to analyse it by using suitable equivalent circuits for the given electrode system and electrode process. Figure 5.21 depicts four basic types of impedance spectra and the corresponding equivalent circuits for the capacity of the electrical double layer alone (A), for the capacity of the electrical double layer when the electrolytic cell has an ohmic resistance RB (B), for an electrode with a double-layer capacity CD and simultaneous electrode reaction with polarization resistance Rp(C) and for the same case as C where the ohmic resistance of the cell RB is also included (D). It is obvious from the diagram that the impedance for case A is... 

Fig. 8.13 A capacitive impedance sensor. Schematic diagram (a) and equivalent electrical circuit (b) 1-vapor absorbing layer 2-Cr/Ni/Au plate of the capacitor (Cl) 3-Ta plate (C2) 4-top, porous metal plate 5 insulating substrate...

The simplest dielectrometer is a capacitor containing a layer of a material that can more or less reversibly take up chemical vapor of a given dielectric constant. The diagram of such a sensor and its equivalent electrical circuit is shown in Fig. 8.13 (Garverick and Senturia, 1982). 

The diagram shown in Figure 1 summarizes the basic precepts of secondary active transport systems including (a) binding at cis side, (b) translocation, and (c) release at trans side and relocation of unloaded carrier. Only the fully loaded and the empty carriers are presumed to translocate rapidly. Since the system is reversible, the same characteristics apply at the cis and trans sides of the membrane. Although the numerical values of the K and Vmax may differ at the two surfaces (asymmetric system) even in the absence of electrical and chemical gradients for either solute, the ratios ofVmax/Ks at both sides of the membrane will be equivalent. 

While comparing the stationary kinetic equations (in their thermodynamic form) for the intermediate concentrations of system (1.34) to the Kirchhoff equation for the electric current inflow and outflow at all junction points of an equivalent electric circuit, one can easily ascertain that the combination of reactions (1.34) will be described by the equivalent electric diagram... 

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