Elastomers examples

Thermoplastics have moderate crystalliuity. They cau uudergo large elougatiou, hut this elougatiou is uot as reversihle as it is for elastomers. Examples of thermoplastics are polyethyleue aud polypropyleue. 

Some small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques have also been applied to elastomers. Examples are the characterization of fillers precipitated into elastomers, and the corresponding incorporation of elastomers into ceramic matrices, in both cases to improve mechanical properties [4,85,213]. 

ABA-type block copolymers B-12 with a hard PMMA as the outer segment (A) and a soft poly(nBA) as the inner segment (B) are expected as all-acrylic thermoplastic elastomers. Examples of B-12 have been prepared with copper and nickel catalysts via bifunctional initiation.359-364 Unfortunately, the copolymers by R—Br/Ni-2 via the macroinitiator method were reported to be inferior as thermoplastic elastomers to those by living anionic polymerizations. A possible reason is the presence of short PMMA seg-... 

Blends of PEST with acrylic polymers are limited to systems with acrylic elastomers. Examples are listed in Table 1.37. PBT and PET were reported to form miscible blends with either a poly-p-methoxyphenyl methacrylate or polyCphenyl methacrylate) [Siol etal, 1993, 1994]. 

Membrane nonporous membrane elastomer (example, rubbers and silicone rubbers) or glassy (example, polycarbonate, polyether imide, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polysulfone, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride and teflon.)... 

Similar results have been obtained on PDMS elastomers. Examples are tetraethoxysilane-cured hydroxyl-terminated PDMS, methylhydrogensi-loxane-cured vinyl-terminated PDMS, and methylhydrogensiloxane-cured vinyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane) chemical copolymer. Restructuring has also been observed in un-cross-linked copolymers, for example PDMS-co-polyst)u ene, using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. 

Natural rubber with over a century s use in many different products and markets will always be required to attain certain desired properties not equaled (to date) by synthetic elastomers. Examples include transportation tires, with their relative heat build-up resistance, and certain types vibrators. However, both synthetic TSE and TPE have made major inroads in product markets previously held only by natural rubber. Worldwide, more synthetic types are used than natural. The basic processing types are conventional, vulcanizable, elastomer, reactive type, and thermoplastic elastomer. 

An overview is presented of the design processes required to address industry s need to provide long-term integrity sealing in extremes of temperature, pressure and chemical environments. Examples drawn from the offshore oil and gas market are used to illustrate the consideration of explosive decompression and fluid attack to elastomers. Examples are also used to illustrate various modes of failure in conventional seal types. The way in which newly developed perfluoroelastomers has brought significant performance improvements in biomedical, pharmaceutical and semi-conductor industries is demonstrated. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY UK WESTERN EUROPE... 

Miscellaneous Fillers. There are a variety of miscellaneous fillers that are of interest for reinforcing elastomers. Examples are ground-up silica xerogels (321), carbon-coated silica (322), and functionalized silica particles (323,324). Organic Particles. 

The elastomer produced in greatest amount is styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) Annually just under 10 lb of SBR IS produced in the United States and al most all of it IS used in automobile tires As its name suggests SBR is prepared from styrene and 1 3 buta diene It is an example of a copolymer a polymer as sembled from two or more different monomers Free radical polymerization of a mixture of styrene and 1 3 butadiene gives SBR... 

The quantity in parentheses is always positive for a > 1, the case of elongation, making AS < 0 for stretching. Therefore AS is positive for the opposite process, showing that entropy alone is sufficient to explain the elastomer s snap. To get an idea of the magnitude of this entropy effect, consider the following example. 

Acid-Base Behavior. The relative acidity-basicity of the filler, generally determined by measuring the pH value of a slurry of a specific mass of filler in 100 mL of deionized water, can influence the behavior of a filler in some systems. For example, the curing behavior of some elastomers is sensitive to the pH value of carbon black. 

A series of compounded flame retardants, based on finely divided insoluble ammonium polyphosphate together with char-forming nitrogenous resins, has been developed for thermoplastics (52—58). These compounds are particularly useful as iatumescent flame-retardant additives for polyolefins, ethylene—vinyl acetate, and urethane elastomers (qv). The char-forming resin can be, for example, an ethyleneurea—formaldehyde condensation polymer, a hydroxyethylisocyanurate, or a piperazine—triazine resin. 

Table 11 shows U.S. production and sales of the principal types of plastics and resins. Some materials are used both as plastics, ie, bulk resin, and in other apphcations. For example, nylon is used in fibers, urethanes as elastomers. Only their use as plastics is given in Table 11 their uses in other apphcations are Hsted with those apphcations. 

Polypropylene polymers are typically modified with ethylene to obtain desirable properties for specific applications. Specifically, ethylene—propylene mbbers are introduced as a discrete phase in heterophasic copolymers to improve toughness and low temperature impact resistance (see Elastomers, ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE rubber). This is done by sequential polymerisation of homopolymer polypropylene and ethylene—propylene mbber in a multistage reactor process or by the extmsion compounding of ethylene—propylene mbber with a homopolymer. Addition of high density polyethylene, by polymerisation or compounding, is sometimes used to reduce stress whitening. In all cases, a superior balance of properties is obtained when the sise of the discrete mbber phase is approximately one micrometer. Examples of these polymers and their properties are shown in Table 2. Mineral fillers, such as talc or calcium carbonate, can be added to polypropylene to increase stiffness and high temperature properties, as shown in Table 3. 

Polyester elastomers are resistant to a variety of common solvents including aqueous acids or bases. The chemical resistance of copolyesterether elastomers is shown in Table 13 (193) which gives examples of solvent resistance and is not inclusive. 

Copolyesterether elastomers have excellent resistance to dex fatigue. For example, in the Ross dex test (ASTM D1052), all of the samples Hsted in Table 13 resisted cut-growth over 300,000 cycles. 

Elastomers based on PTMEG have excellent microbial and fungus resistance. Their hydrolytic stabiUty make these elastomers prime candidates for use ia ground-contact appHcations, for example, as jacketing material for buried cables. Because of their good biocompatibiHty, they have also found uses ia medical appHcations, such as catheter tubiag. 

A smaller but rapidly growing area is the use of PTMEG ia thermoplastic polyester elastomers. Formation of such polyesters iavolves the reaction of PTMEG with diacids or diesters. The diols become soft segments ia the resulting elastomeric materials. Examples of elastomeric PTMEG polyesters iaclude Hytrel (Du Pont) and Ecdel (Eastman Chemicals). 

The use of TAG as a curing agent continues to grow for polyolefins and olefin copolymer plastics and mbbers. Examples include polyethylene (109), chlorosulfonated polyethylene (110), polypropylene (111), ethylene—vinyl acetate (112), ethylene—propylene copolymer (113), acrylonitrile copolymers (114), and methylstyrene polymers (115). In ethylene—propylene copolymer mbber compositions. TAG has been used for injection molding of fenders (116). Unsaturated elastomers, such as EPDM, cross link with TAG by hydrogen abstraction and addition to double bonds in the presence of peroxyketal catalysts (117) (see Elastol rs, synthetic). 

Quahty control testing of siUcones utilizes a combination of physical and chemical measurements to ensure satisfactory product performance and processibihty. Eor example, in addition to the usual physical properties of cured elastomers, the plasticity of heat-cured mbber and the extmsion rate of TVR elastomers under standard conditions are important to the customer. Where the siUcone appHcation involves surface activity, a use test is frequently the only rehable indicator of performance. Eor example, the performance of an antifoaming agent can be tested by measuring the foam reduction when the sihcone emulsion is added to an agitated standard detergent solution. The product data sheets and technical bulletins from commercial siUcone producers can be consulted for more information. 

Ozonc-rcsjstant elastomers which have no unsaturation are an exceUent choice when their physical properties suit the appHcation, for example, polyacrylates, polysulfides, siHcones, polyesters, and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (38). Such polymers are also used where high ozone concentrations are encountered. Elastomers with pendant, but not backbone, unsaturation are likewise ozone-resistant. Elastomers of this type are the ethylene—propylene—diene (EPDM) mbbers, which possess a weathering resistance that is not dependent on environmentally sensitive stabilizers. Other elastomers, such as butyl mbber (HR) with low double-bond content, are fairly resistant to ozone. As unsaturation increases, ozone resistance decreases. Chloroprene mbber (CR) is also quite ozone-resistant. 

Metal salts of neodecanoic acid have also been used as catalysts in the preparation of polymers. For example, bismuth, calcium, barium, and 2kconium neodecanoates have been used as catalysts in the formation of polyurethane elastomers (91,92). Magnesium neodecanoate [57453-97-1] is one component of a catalyst system for the preparation of polyolefins (93) vanadium, cobalt, copper, or kon neodecanoates have been used as curing catalysts for conjugated-diene butyl elastomers (94). 

Many random copolymers have found commercial use as elastomers and plastics. For example, SBR (62), poly(butadiene- (9-styrene) [9003-55-8] has become the largest volume synthetic mbber. It can be prepared ia emulsion by use of free-radical initiators, such as K2S20g or Fe /ROOH (eq. 18), or in solution by use of alkyl lithium initiators. Emulsion SBR copolymers are produced under trade names by such companies as American Synthetic Rubber (ASPC), Armtek, B. F. Goodrich (Ameripool), and Goodyear (PHoflex) solution SBR is manufactured by Firestone (Stereon). The total U.S. production of SBR in 1990 was 581,000 t (63). 

Other thermoplastic elastomer combiaations, ia which the elastomer phase may or may not be cross-linked, include blends of polypropylene with nitrile (30,31), butyl (33), and natural (34) mbbers, blends of PVC with nitrile mbber (35,36), and blends of halogenated polyolefins with ethylene interpolymers (29). Collectively, thermoplastic elastomers of this type ate referred to herein as hard polymer/elastomer combinations. Some of the more important examples of the various types are shown in Table 3. 

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