Effluent disposal costs

Effluent disposal costs assume that water will be discharged to a POTW and soil will be backfilled and compacted back to the site (D10061O, pp. 19-20). 

The use of excess reactants, diluents, or heat carriers in the reactor design has a significant effect on the flowsheet recycle structure. Sometimes the recycling of unwanted byproduct to the reactor can inhibit its formation at the source. If this can be achieved, it improves the overall use of raw materials and eliminates effluent disposal problems. Of course, the recycling does in itself reuse some of the other costs. The general tradeoffs are discussed in Chap. 8. 

The significance of these industrial effluent disposal options on the location of an industrial plant is essentially cost. As previously stated, the EPA does not, as yet, impose a cost on effluents complying with the Consent standards discharged to surface waters or to land. However, the cost of installing and operating treatment... 

The cost of industrial effluent disposal to the municipal sewers is based on a polluter pays policy, which takes account of the quantity and pollution loads in the discharge. All the water companies calculate their trade waste charges in accordance with ... 

Many industrial processes begin with a leaching step, yielding a slurry that must be clarified before solvent extraction. The solid-liquid separation is a costly step. The solvent extraction of unclarified liquids ( solvent-in-pulp ) has been proposed to eliminate solid-liquid separation. The increased revenue and reduced energy cost make this an attractive process, but many problems remain to be solved loss of metals and extractants to the solid phase, optimization of equipment design, effluent disposal, etc. 

The economics of PRO systems using brines and fresh water sources and current membranes are more favorable, with estimated power outputs as high as 200 watt/m. However, surface brines exist in deserts where there is limited fresh water, and brines that might be produced from salt domes pose a difficult effluent disposal problem. If PRO systems can be produced at an installed cost of 100/m2 of membrane, the projected economics are competitive with other power-generating techniques. This appears to be the only salinity gradient resource worthy of further study. 

The estimated total cost to treat 125,000 m of soil from the Sviluppo Linate in Milan, Italy, at a rate of 25 tons per hour was 22 million. This estimate excludes excavation, debris removal, treatment and disposal of residual solids and effluents, site restoration, utilities, and the cost of bench- and pilot-scale testing (D158898, p. 333, 342). The vendor estimated that it would cost 150 to 200 per ton to treat 500,000 tons of soil using the B.E.8.T. Model 615 unit at a rate of 200 to 300 tpd. This estimate includes mobilization and demobilization costs but excludes the costs of site excavation, civil work, taxes, prescreening needs, site management, and effluent disposal (D199319, p. 6). 

Permitting and regnlatory costs Effluent treatment and disposal costs... 

A UV/ozone Ultrox system was used to treat wastewater contaminated with phenol and polychlorophenol (PCP) at a wood processing facility in Denver, Colorado. The capital cost for the Ultrox system was 200,000. Operation and maintenance costs for the entire remediation system were 10.92 per 1000 gal of treated wastewater. This cost estimate excludes the expenses associated with site preparation, permitting and regulatory compliance, startup, analysis, effluent disposal, and demobilization (D205505, p. C-1). 

Effluent and Waste Disposal Costs Figure 3. Elements of a process cost... 

The electrolyte in these baths is robust and the throwing power of the bath is excellent however, current efficiency falls with increasing current density as hydrogen evolution increases. The bath also presents significant effluent disposal problems since cyanide must be destroyed by chlorine or hypochlorite oxidation, thus adding to the capital costs of the plant. 

The application of membrane-separation processes in the treatment of wastewater of the leather industry can give a reduction of the environmental impact, a simplification of deaning-up procedures of aqueous effluents, an easy re-use of sludge, a decrease of disposal costs, and a saving of chemicals, water, and energy [22],... 

Ten alternatives for correcting or preventing water pollution from acid drainage produced by piles of coal-cleaning wastes are compared. Options 1, 2 and 10 involve pretreatments of the waste before it is disposed to the pile. Options 3 to 6 refer to treatments undertaken as the pile is being formed. Options 7 to 9 refer to chemical treatment of the pile effluent. All costs are based on 1985 dollars. 

Noncombustible or toxic liquid wastes that do not lend themselves to disposal by any of the means just outlined are the most difficult to dispose of safely. These kinds of wastes provide the strongest incentive for a producer to develop a use of the waste stream to minimize ultimate disposal costs. Thus, acidic pickling plant wastes, which contain iron plus unused sulfuric or hydrochloric acids may be used to precipitate phosphate from secondary sewage effluent (e.g., Eq. 5.25). Or they may be blended with aqueous alkaline wastes containing phenolate and unexpended sodium hydroxide to neutralize the pH extremes of both streams. 

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