Effects on Aquatic Animals

In a fish study, gallium completely inhibited hatching of carp eggs (Hildebrand and Cushman 1978). 

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Physico-chemical properties Effects on aquatic animals and plants... 

O. Siebeck, U. Bohm (1991). UV-B effects on aquatic animals. Ver. Int. Verein. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 24,2773-2777. 

Toxic effects on aquatic animals depend on the length of exposure. No effects were... 

In an early review article on microcalonmetric monitoring of ecological, toxicological and pharmacological effects on aquatic animals Gnaiger discussed problems where direct calorimetry provided an indispensable technique [137]. He paid special attention to oxygen depleted micro-habitats and anoxic aquatic environments and compiled data of several other authors. 

Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Dawson MA, WenzlofF DR. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in the winter flounder (Pseudoplumnectes amer-icanus). In Koeman JH, Strik JJ, editors, Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Calabrese, A., F.R Thurberg, M.A. Dawson, and D.R. Wenzloff. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Pages 15-21 in J.H. Koeman and J.J.T.W.A. Strik (eds.). Sublethal Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Aquatic Animals, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam. 

Couch, J.A. and J.C. Harshbarger. 1985. Effects of carcinogenic agents on aquatic animals an environmental and experimental overview. Jour. Environ. Sci. Health, Part C, Environ. Carcin. Rev. 3 63-105. 

The discharge of warm wastewaters into a surface receiver may have many adverse effects on aquatic life. The increase in temperature results in a decrease in the oxygen concentration in water and the elimination of the most sensitive species. Temperature changes may also cause changes in the reproductive periods of fishes, growth of parasites and diseases, or even thermal shock to the animals found in the thermal plume. 

Cooper K Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ Effects of Polychlorinated Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs on Aquatic Animals and Humans U.S. Department of Agriculture... 

Hader, D. P, Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems, in UV-B Radiation and Ozone Depletion Effects on Humans, Animals, Plants, Microorganisms, and Materials, Tevini, M., Ed. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, 1993, 155. 

Small multicellular organisms are sensitive to very low pressures. The swimming activity of larvae of tadpoles can be reduced by 2.5 % ethanol in the medium. The activity can be restored by pressures up to 28 MPa [22]. Maedonald and Fraser [23] reported effects by pressures of 20 kPa or less on aquatic animals at the level of growth and or metabolism. The authors concluded that cells are able to respond to micropressures also through mechanical processes. 

The impact of dyes in natural waters needs to be considered firom 3 standpoints, namely, visual pollution due to color, possible effects on aquatic organisms and possible effects on the suitability of the water for drinking (animals or humans), or other possible uses. 

Research on ammonia toxicity has been slowing down considerably since the early 1990s only about 458 relevant papers could be found in the last decade. The most significant areas of immediate concern are (1) human inhalation effects (2) effects on aquatic biota (3) effects on land fauna and microflora and (4) effects and extent of water pollution. Of lesser importance is human ingestion since this is an improbable route of exposure. The concentration/exposure effects of ammonia in many areas such as odor recognition, respiratory and eye irritation, and death have not been clearly defined and tend to vary with the researcher. Markham (1987), in his review, discussed the absence in the literature of basic data on exposure times/concentrations of ammonia that affect aquatic biota, terrestrial animals, and humans as well as occasions where little or no damage has occurred or those that... 

This report reviews the literature on the effects of mercury and its compounds on aquatic animals. The information from some 100 scientific papers has been considered, but even so the report is not fully comprehensive since the problems of bio-accumulation and residue levels of mercury in flora and fauna have not been considered. 

EflFects of mercury on aquatic life a) Effects on marine animals... 

Leeuwangh, P., H. Bult, and L. Schneiders. 1975. Toxicity of hexachlorobutadiene in aquatic organisms. In J.H. Koeman and J.J.T.W.A. Strik (Eds.), Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Proceedings of the Swedish-Netherlands Symposium, Wageningen, The Netherlands, September 2-5, 1975, Elsevier/North Holland Press, New York. pp. 167-176. 

The water quahty criteria for each species should be deterrnined from the Hterature or through experimentation when Hterature information is unavailable. Synergistic effects that occur among water quahty variables can have an influence on the tolerance a species has under any given set of circumstances. Ammonia is a good example. Ionized ammonia (NH ) is not particularly lethal to aquatic animals, but unionized ammonia (NH ) can be... 

Terrestrial ecosystems (plants and animals) under water scarcity suffer from water stress, and aquatic ecosystems of intermittency in water flow. Water scarcity has implications on hydrologic resources and systems coimectivity, as well as negative side-effects on biodiversity, water quality, and river ecosystem functioning. Finally, water scarcity has also direct impacts on citizens and economic sectors that use and depend on water, such as agriculture, tourism, industry, energy and transport. 

Recently, attention has focused on the potential hazardous effects of certain chemicals on the endocrine system because of the abihty of these chemicals to mimic or block endogenous hormones, or otherwise interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system. Chemicals with this type of activity are most commonly referred to as endocrine disruptors. Some scientists believe that chemicals with the ability to disrupt the endocrine system are a potential threat to the health of humans, aquatic animals, and wildlife. Others believe that endocrine disrupting chemicals do not pose a significant health risk, particularly in light of the fact that hormone mimics exist in the natural environment. Examples of natural hormone mimics are the isoflavinoid phytoestrogens (Adlercreutz 1995 Livingston 1978 Mayr et al. 1992). 

Atchison, G.J., Sandheinrich, M.B., and Bryan, M.D. (1996). Effects of environmental stressors on interspecific interactions of aquatic animals. In M.C. Newman and C.H. Jagoe (Eds.), Quantitative Ecotoxicology A Hierarchical Approach. Lewis, Chelsea, Ml. 

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