Effects of Body Size

Different tissues clearly have different fractional rates of protein synthesis, a point that has been universally found from studies of tissue protein synthetic rates (e.g. Fauconneau 1985) possible explanations for these tissue differences are 

This example from the tissues of rainbow trout is drawn from data from animals that were denied food for 12 h. In view of the variation in synthesis rates with nutritional status (see below) it is possible that not only will the intercepts of the body weight/protein synthesis rates relationships change with nutritional status but also the slopes of the lines. 

The fractional rates of protein synthesis can be converted into the amount of protein synthesised in each tissue (Fig. 2) by multiplying it by the protein content of the tissues (data from Houlihan et al. 1986). This calculation reveals that although the white muscle has the lowest fractional rate of protein synthesis, this large mass of protein makes this tissue the major site of protein synthesis and 

The retention of synthesised protein as protein growth can be expressed as the efficiency of protein retention [(kg/ks)X 100, Bates and Millward 1981 Hawkins 

Efficiencies of protein retention vary widely between tissues in rainbow trout the white muscle has around 76% efficiency and the gill around 4% (Houlihan et al. 1986 see below for further examples). Unfortunately, we do not yet have information on the scaling effects on the whole body efficiencies of retention of synthesised protein and the growth of the whole fish. In rainbow trout, efficiencies for the individual tissues do not seem to change over the size range so far investigated (Houlihan et al. 1986). 

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Swaileh, K.M. and D. Adelung. 1994. Levels of trace metals and effect of body size on metal content and concentration in Arctica islandica L. (Mollusca Bivalvia) from Kiel Bay, western Baltic. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 28 500-505. 

Tarr, B.D., Barron, M.G., and Hayton, W.L. Effect of body size on the nptake and bioconcentration of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol Chem., 9(8) 989-995, 1990. 

The right panel (Figure 2.2) illustrates the effect of body size on the dose. When the adult and the child receive the same amount of caffeine, the exposure is the same but the dose is dramatically different. A child who weighs only 10 kg... 

Yang, H. S., Yuan, X. T., Zhou, Y., Mao, Y. Z., Zhang, T., and Liu, Y. (2005). Effects of body size and water temperature on food consumption and growth in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) with special reference to aestivation. Aquae. Res. 36, 1085-1092. 

These analyses require care and ingenuity, for there are many alternative measures (many ways of correcting for the effects of body size, for example), many alternative statistics and sources of bias to be avoided, such as the effects of phylogenetic relationships between the species used. Analyses have gradually become more sophisticated in all these respects, details of which are far beyond the scope of this short paper. The principal outcome of this work is easy to summarize, however the results of the more recent studies favour the MI hypothesis over the principal competing hypotheses corresponding to physical or technical factors (Barton Dunbar 1997, Dunbar 1998) (see Fig. 1). 

Generally, the specific heat is regarded as a macroscopic quantity integrated over all bonds of the specimen and is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of the substance by 1 K. However, in dealing with the representative bond of the entire specimen, one has to consider the specific heat per bond that is obtained by dividing the bulk-specific heat by the total number of bonds involved. Depending critically on the 0d and the T, the specific heat varies with both object size and the temperature of measurement. The effect of body size on the specific... 

Studies of p27-deficient mice have provided further insight into the function of this cki. In 1996, several groups generated p27 knockout mice and examined the effects on body size, organ development, tumorigenesis, and sterility (Fero et al., 1996 Kiyokawa et al., 1996 Nakayama et al.. 

Example 3.3 Consider a rotating gas flow in a cylindrical chamber with a small particle injected into the flow. Assume that the gas rotates as a rigid body with a constant angular velocity co and the only driving force is the Stokes drag [Kriebel, 1961]. Initially, the relative particle velocity is normal to the flow. Develop the equations for the particle trajectory in this rotating flow and discuss the effect of particle sizes on the trajectory. 

WT and SEX are combined in LBM. To simplify the model, we described the fixed effect on V only with LBM as a single measure of body size. Using Equation 7 in model (C), we repeated the NONMEM... 

An important application of dendritic polymers being explored in medicine is in advanced drug delivery systems. However, most applications within this field, described in the literature, deal with dendrimers and not with hyperbranched polymers. In a study on the effect of dendrimer size when used inside the human body, it was found [61] that large dendrimers Mw ca. 87,000) were excreted into the urine within two days, whereas smaller dendrimers (Myj ca. 5,000) accumulated mostly in the liver, kidney and spleen with no urine excretion. Hyperbranched polymers, being mostly polydisperse, are thus unsuitable in vivo applications. 

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