Effective Lubricant Design

Lubricants used in car engines are formulated by blending a base oil with additives to yield a mixture with the desirable physical attributes. In this problem, ctudents examine the degradation of lubricants by oxidation and design an improved lubricant system. The design should include the lubricant system s physical and chemical characteristics, as well as an explanation as to how it is applied to automobiles. Focus automotive industry, petroleum industry. 

---

H. 1 Design of Reaction Engineering Experiment 953 H.2 Effective Lubricant Design 953 H.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor 953 ... 

Effective Lubricant Design Scavenging Free Radicais Lubrtcant Design (Ch. 7)... 

The next chapter is a review of current practice in lubrication of internal combustion engines and lubricant design. The role of individual lubricant components and their use in mineral and synthetic formulations is covered. This is followed by a discussion of the tribochemical effects of additive interactions. The heart of the manuscript is chapters, "Tribochemical nature of antiwear film , "Surface tribochemistry and activated processes", and "Analytical techniques in lubricating practices". Topics covered include tribofilm formation, organomolybdenum compounds in surface protection, catalytic activity of rubbing surfaces, introduction of some techniques for evaluation of tribofilms composition and analytical techniques for evaluation of lubricant degradation. Examples of the application of basic concepts are introduced, eg., acidity and basicity in the process of lubricant deterioration. 

In order to make ILs a more effective lubricant for steel/aluminum friction pair especially at higher loads to reduce corrosion and wear Al matrix, a series of phosphate ester functional group-containing ILs was designed and synthesized. Mu et al. [84-86] synthesized a new series of imidazohum cation-based ILs with 0,0-diethylphosphonyl groups on the alkyl side chain (Fig. 9.12), evaluated the tribological properties of the ILs, and discussed possible mechanisms of action. 

The matrix-rich region between lamina will allow this motion, effectively lubricating it. These orientation changes must be incorporated into the design or accommodated as an allowable variance. 

Effective Lubricam Design Scavenging Free Radicals Lubricant Design (Ch. 9)... 

Dry gas seals are in the positive seal class and have the same basic design features as mechanical face seals with one significant difference. The dry gas seal has shallow grooves cut in the rotating seal face located part way across the face. The grooves may be in a spiral pattern the exact location and pattern vary from one manufacturer to another. Lubrication and separation is effected by a microscopically thin film of gas. This implies some finite amount of leakage, which is quite small but must be accounted for in the design. 

Selection and care of the hydraulic fluid for a machine will have an important effect on how it performs and on the life of the hydraulic components. During the design of equipment that requires fluid power, many factors are considered in selecting the type of system to be used-hydraulic, pneumatic, or a combination of the two. Some of the factors required are speed and accuracy of operation, surrounding atmospheric conditions, economic conditions, availability of replacement fluid, required pressure level, operating temperature range, contamination possibilities, cost of transmission lines, limitations of the equipment, lubricity, safety to the operators, and expected service life of the equipment. 

The recovery of petroleum from sandstone and the release of kerogen from oil shale and tar sands both depend strongly on the microstmcture and surface properties of these porous media. The interfacial properties of complex liquid agents—mixtures of polymers and surfactants—are critical to viscosity control in tertiary oil recovery and to the comminution of minerals and coal. The corrosion and wear of mechanical parts are influenced by the composition and stmcture of metal surfaces, as well as by the interaction of lubricants with these surfaces. Microstmcture and surface properties are vitally important to both the performance of electrodes in electrochemical processes and the effectiveness of catalysts. Advances in synthetic chemistry are opening the door to the design of zeolites and layered compounds with tightly specified properties to provide the desired catalytic activity and separation selectivity. 

Many variations of the shape of steel drills for glass have been described— from Faraday who used the ground end of a triangular file to C. V. Boys who designed a special drill of tool steel—while other workers (B. Brown, 1927 N. G. Heatley, 1938) advocate the use of a normal twist drill. These drills are used in conjunction with some lubricant—usually the traditional camphor in turpentine, although pure turpentine or other mobile liquid seems to be as good, while Heatley states that dilute sulphuric acid is effective. To avoid splintering, the hole should be drilled from both sides. 

In summary, the Avada process is an excellent example of process intensification to achieve higher energy efficiency and reduction of waste streams due to the use of a solid acid catalyst. The successful application of supported HP As for the production of ethyl acetate paves the way for future applications of supported HP As in new green processes for the production of other chemicals, fuels and lubricants. Our results also show that application of characterization techniques enables a better understanding of the effects of process parameters on reactivity and the eventual rational design of more active catalysts. 

---