Effective cost volume

Mold Costs on the Basis of an Effective Cost Volume (in cm )... 

In calculating the effect of fillers on costs one must remember that polymers are generally used by volume, while both filler and polymer costs are usually quoted by weight. Most mineral fillers are considerably denser than polymers (usually 2-3 times) and hence their effective cost is considerably higher than appears at first sight. Some idea of the equivalent volume cost for fillers in the main thermoplastic polymers is given in Table 1, using estimated 1996 European price levels. 

Figure 11.3. Effect of volume of production on manufacturing cost.

Fuel-cell manufacturing costs and the directiy related retail prices are expected to be strongly affected by the established production volumes and the corresponding learning effects. These volumes depend on the rate of fuel-cell commercialisation, which is expected to be determined by their price competitiveness. In this context, the fuel-cell-related industry, the most cmcial leveraging factor for fuel- ced market development, is of major importance, and also represents an indicator of the situation so far and its near-term future potential (Pehnt et al., 2004). 

To determine profit at any volume, price level, product mix, or time, proper cost classification is required. Some costs vary directly with the rate of activity, while others do not. If the cost data are classified into their fixed and variable components and properly attributed to the activity causing the cost, the effect of volume becomes apparent and sources of profit are revealed. 

The furniture industry is moving from conventional materials, mainly wood, to plastic foams to effect cost savings in labor and materials. By 1985,industry estimates suggest, that plastics will account for 35 percent of furniture costs and may amount to 3 billion( ) in sales volume. (Figure 1). 

Cost and optimization Higher fixed cost, neutralized with higher volume of production—finally cost-effective. Cost of tools is higher when compared with FPGA. It is optimized for applicatioo/use. Comparatively lesser fixed cost, but overall recurring c(Kt may be higher. Lower volume (rf production may not be so c(Kt--eflFective. It is not optimized for application. 

In many cases, a single parameter determines the costs of a product so significantly that it can be used for the total evaluation or, as already described above, at least for parts of a product. It can be referred back to a weight-cost ratio in many sub-areas of the mold calculation. In some cases, weight-cost ratios can be used for the evaluation of the entire mold. A similar procedure is shown in Figure 5.6. The effective bounding volume of the component was chosen as the reference value for determining costs for aluminum prototype molds. 

In addition to the effective bounding volume and, for example, the weight of the mold, the surface of a component is suitable as a reference value to costing. In the latter parameter, via the surface the complexity of the components (ribs, domes, etc.) are considered. 

One popular way of analysing costs is to consider the effect of volume of activity on them. Costs tend to respond differently as the volume changes ... 

TetrabromobisphenoIA. Tetrabromobisphenol A [79-94-7] (TBBPA) is the largest volume bromiaated flame retardant. TBBPA is prepared by bromination of bisphenol A under a variety of conditions. When the bromination is carried out ia methanol, methyl bromide [74-80-9] is produced as a coproduct (37). If hydrogen peroxide is used to oxidize the hydrogen bromide [10035-10-6] HBr, produced back to bromine, methyl bromide is not coproduced (38). TBBPA is used both as an additive and as a reactive flame retardant. It is used as an additive primarily ia ABS systems, la ABS, TBBPA is probably the largest volume flame retardant used, and because of its relatively low cost is the most cost-effective flame retardant. In ABS it provides high flow and good impact properties. These benefits come at the expense of distortion temperature under load (DTUL) (39). DTUL is a measure of the use temperature of a polymer. TBBPA is more uv stable than decabrom and uv stable ABS resias based oa TBBPA are produced commercially. 

There is mote than one way to make PV systems cost effective, ie, by making mote efficient and less expensive devices, by stimulating the market toward higher sales in order to justify production volume increases to achieve economies of scale, and by combinations of these options. In any case, modules must operate tehably for long periods of time. 

Cycloahphatic amine production economics are dominated by raw material charges and process equipment capital costs. Acetone (isophorone), adiponitnle, aniline, and MDA are all large-volume specification organic intermediates bordering on commodity chemicals. They are each cost-effective precursors. 

Because of the low efficiency of steam-ejector vacuum systems, there is a range of vacuum above 13 kPa (100 mm Hg) where mechanical vacuum pumps are usually more economical. The capital cost of the vacuum pump goes up roughly as (suction volume) or (l/P). This means that as pressure falls, the capital cost of the vacuum pump rises more swiftly than the energy cost of the steam ejector, which iacreases as (1 /P). Usually below 1.3 kPa (10 mm Hg), the steam ejector is more cost-effective. 

In most cases volume requirement is the primary consideration for selecting the most cost-effective process. However, in many cases a lower volume process may be used during initial phases of a program and then be replaced by a higher volume process when the product has gained field acceptance. 

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