Effect on phase separation

Kawamoto, Y., Clemens, K. Tomozawa, M. 1981. The effect on phase separation of the oxidation state of molybdenum in a Na20-B203-Si02 glass. Physics and Chemistry of Glasses, 22, 110-114. 

Birdwell, J. F., Jr., and Cummings, R. L. Irradiation Effects on Phase-Separation Performance Using a Centrifugal Contactor in a Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Process, Report ORNL/TM-2001/91, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, August 2001. 

Y.-H. Niu, Z.-G. Wang, X.-L. Duan, W. Shao, D.-J. Wang, J. Qiu, Thermal oxidation-induced long chain branching and its effect on phase separation kinetics of a polyethylene blend. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 119, 530-538 (2011)... 

MA2 Maeda, Y., Yarrramoto, H., and Ikeda, 1., The association of tetraalkylarrtmorrirrm iorrs with poly(virtyl methyl ether) in water and its effect on phase-separation behavior as studied by rrricro-Raman spectroscopy, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 25, 720, 2004. 

For nonreacting polymer mixtures, several efforts have been made to elucidate the effects of viscoelasticity on phase separation of polymer mixtures from a theoretical viewpoint [40, 41]. These particular effects on phase separation were shown to be important as a long-range interaction in the phase separation kinetics of polymer mixtures [42]. On the other hand, for reacting polymer systems, very recently, Ohta and coworkers took into account the elastic effects of the polymer on the phase separation kinetics of a mixture composed of liquid crystals dissolved in monomer undergoing polymerization [43]. 

Hydrodynamic effects on phase separations and morphologies are also important [144, 152, 153], Sulaiman et al. [153] have presented a lattice Boltzmann algorithm that includes hydrodynamics to describe the deformations of a drop of isotropic fluid immersed in a nematic Uquid crystal solvent, both in the absence and in the presence of an external field. The equilibrium shape of the drop is affected by the elastic constant K of a liquid crystal, the radius Rof a droplet, and the anchoring strength W of the director at the surface of a droplet, and the surface tension o. As W/a, or Io/Ro increases, the anchoring energy dominates over the surface tension and the droplet distorts to more easily allow homeotropic anchoring at its surface. 

In summary, methanol as a mobile-phase modifier has a significant effect on the separation of PVP in aqueous SEC with these four linear columns. The best separation of all PVP grades can be achieved with the SB-806M column in 50 50 water/methanol with 0.1 M lithium nitrate. It is interesting to note that despite the improvements reported by the manufacturers for the newer columns (SB-806MHQ and PWxl), the newer columns do not necessarily perform better than the older columns (SB-806 and PW) for aqueous SEC of PVP. 

Synthesis and mechanical and morphological characterization of (AB)n, ABA and BAB type copolymers of m-phenylene-isophthalamide and polydimethylsiloxane have been reported241 242>. The effect of copolymer type, chemical composition and segment molecular weights on phase separation and the solution behavior of these systems have also been discussed. 

In contrast to conventional FAB where the analyte is dissolved in the matrix material, it has been found that FAB performance can be obtained when the mobile phase contains as little as 5% of the matrix material, thus reducing the chemical background associated with the technique. It should be noted tliat if the matrix material is added before the column it may have an effect on the separation achieved. 

Why might the addition of the FAB matrix to the HPLC mobiie phase have an effect on the separation obtained ... 

The matrix, which in most reported applications appears to be glycerol, may either be incorporated directly into the mobile phase pre-column or added postcolumn. If added to the mobile phase, its effect on the separation must be considered, while if added post-column, significant peak broadening may be observed. 

It is not unexpected that the choice of the type of HPLC column, the temperature at which it is maintained and the choice of buffer added to the mobile phase are likely to have an effect on the separation obtained, even for a simple mixture as in this case. 

Trinh, X. A., Fukuda, J., Adachi, Y, Nakanishi, H., Norisuye, T. and Tran-Cong-Miyata, Q. (2007) Effects of elastic deformation on phase separation of a polymer blend driven by a reversible photo-cross-linking reaction. Macromolecules, 40, 5566-5574. 

Tb clarify the effect of addition of a cationic HC surfactant on phase separation behavior in the mixed monolayers of anionic HC and FC surfactants polyion complexed with cationic polymers, the mixed monolayers containing three amphiphilic components complexed with PVA were transferred on various substrate plates and studied by AFM, FFM, SSPM, and SIMS. As a cationic surfactant, ODTMAC was examined. 

You can vary the composition of the eluent (mobile phase) in HPLC a lot more than in GC, so there s not really much correspondence. Substitute nitrogen for helium in GC and usually the sensitivity decreases, but the retention times stay the same. Changing the mobile phases—the gases—in GC doesn t have a very big effect on the separation or retention time. 

Supercritical fluid chromatography is the name for all chromatographic methods in which the mobile phase is supercritical under the conditions of analysis and the solvating properties of the fluid have a measurable effect on the separation. SFC has some advantages over GC and HPLC it extends the molecular weight range of GC, thermally labile compounds can be separated at lower temperatures, compounds without chromophores can be sensitively detected, and the use of open-tubular and packed columns is feasible. SFC can be employed in both the analysis of natural pigments and synthetic dyes, however it has not been frequently applied in up-to-date analytical practice. 

Manipulation of mobile phase and temperature parameters can have some unusual effects on chiral separations. Variation of temperature and mobile phase composition has been reported to reverse the elution order on protein phases and polysaccharide phases (Persson and Andersson, 2001). 

Landis, F A. and Moore, R. B. 2000. Blends of a perfluorosulfonate ionomer with poly(vinylidene fluoride) Effect of counterion type on phase separation and crystal morphology. Macromolecules 33 6031-6041. 

Commonly listed under a separate rubric (Class 111) are amiodarone and the P-blocking agent sotalol, which both inhibit K+-channels and which both cause marked prolongation of the AP with a lesser effect on Phase 0 rate of rise. 

If the HPLC mobile phase is operated close to the pA of any solute or if an acidic or basic buffer is used in the mobile phase, the effects of temperature on retention can be dramatic and unpredicted. This can often be exploited to achieve dramatic changes in the separation factor for specific solutes. Likewise, the most predictable behavior with temperature occurs when one operates with mobile phase pH values far from the pA s of the analytes [10], Retention of bases sometimes increase as temperature is increased, presumable due to a shift from the protonated to the unprotonated form as the temperature increases. As noted by Tran et al. [26], temperature had the greatest effect on the separation of acidic compounds in low-pH mobile phases and on basic compounds in high-pH mobile phases. McCalley [27] noted anomalous changes in retention for bases due to variations in their pA s with temperature and also noted that lower flow rates were needed for optimal efficiency. 

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