Effect of Water Content

At the completion of primary drying, the water content of an amorphous product is sometimes expressed as JVg g water per g solid. The actual value, typically 0.3-0.5 g g is governed by details of the freezing process and will vary from product to product, or even from vial to vial. For most practical purposes, however, it may be assumed that the water content has little or no effect on secondary drying. This 

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Figure 6.5 Effect of water content of the liquid (Hj0 HjP04) on the properties of a zinc phosphate cement (Womer Docking, 1958).

Table 2. Effect of water content in EG on the particle size of Pt nanoparticles deposited on MWNTs.

Fig. 23. (I) Effect of water content on the growth rate of agglomerates sand granules grown by crushing and layering mechanism [from Capes and Danckwerts (C5)]. (II) Limestone nuclei by random coalescence [from Kapur (K2)]. (Ill) Limestone balls by nonrandom coale-scene [from Kapur (K4)]. (IV) Iron ore pelletized in a disk.[From Kanetkar (K1)].

Eliasson, A.-C. (1980). Effect of water content on the gelatinization of wheat starch. Starch/ Starke. 32, 270-272. 

Fig. 5 Effect of water contents on CD spectra of the DNA-lipid complex in CHCI3 /EtOH (4 1) solution ([DNA] = 50 p.Mbp , 23 °C)...

A great deal of research has been done on the effects of water content of insect food. Water, like nitrogen, appears to impose upper limits to insect growth, below which a variety of growth rates occur due to the many other possible factors (22, 28, 29 and Scriber s chapter in this volume). 

Table III. Effect of Water Content in Pyridine on Oxidation of Dihydroanthracene to Anthraquinone"...

Fig. 26a and b. The effect of water content in the adsorbent on the retention volumes of standards in hexane (a) and determination of adsorbent activity a and monolayer volume (b) after reaching the critical conditions in binary solvents given in Fig. 25. Xo = 1.71 styrene, 2.02 naphthalene, 2.14 acenaphthylene, 3.02 benzopyrene-3,4 641...

Fig. 11.9 Effect of water content in a mixed solution (acetonitrile-water) on the amount of products obtained after photoirradiation for 1 h. Reaction conditions are the same as those shown in Fig. 11.8.

The effect of water content on the acidity of kaolinite was examined by Solomon and co-workers (235, 236). Kaolinite dried at 110°C (0% water) had strongly acidic sites, comparable to 90% sulfuric acid (pKa < —8.2), as indicated by the Hammett indicator method. The strongest sites were readily poisoned by water. At 1% wt water content the strongest acid sites were equivalent in strength to 48% sulfuric acid (pKa = 3.0). With... 

The matrix appears to control extractability in a wide variety of samples, the effect of water content in the matrix has been reported (101,102). Onuska and Terry reported decreases in extraction efficiency with wet and dry sediment, differences in weight to weight percent water were 0.3% to 19.8%. McNally and Wheeler suggested the opposite increased extraction efficiencies with the addition of water as... 

Fig. 13. Effect of water content of hydrogels on platelet adhesion PVA ( ),PAAm (O),methoxy-PEG methacrylate (A), PVP ( ), and PEG (A)...

Effect of Water Content on Regeneration Product-Distribution (Taken from the APCI Final Report, Ref. 8)... 

Smernik, R. J. (2006). The effect of water content on solid-state 13C NMR quantitation and relaxation rates of soil organic matter. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 57, 665-676. 

Gelatinization Enthalpy of Native and Freeze-Dried Potato Starch and Effect of Water Content on It175... 

The effect of water content on the reaction yield is shown graphically in Figure 1. The sample prepared at 757. water content provided the highest yield. It also had the most balanced, meaty aroma. In contrast, the samples with 0%, 10% and 25% water had a biting aroma. The 50% water sample had a blended onion aroma at 75% water the aroma was pot-roasted, roasted, meaty and clean, while the 100% water sample was roasted and pot-roasted but also burnt. 

Figure 1. The effect of water content on the yield from the reaction of cystine and DMHF.

Figure 3. The effect of water content on the formation of 3,5-dimethyl-l,2,4-trithiolane, 3-Hydroxy-2-pentanone and 2,4-Hexanedione from the reaction of cystine and DMHF.

Fig. 38 a, b. Permeabilities of stereocomplex membranes to water and NaCl315). (a) Effect of water content, (b) effect of isotactic polyfmethyl methacrylate) content... 

Hasegawa, S.,Hamaura,T.,Furuyama,N.,Kusai,A.,Yonemochi, E.,andTerada,K. (2005), Effects of water content in physical mixture and heating temperature on crystallinity of troglitazone-PVP K30 solid dispersions prepared by closed melting method, Int. J. Pharm., 302,103-112. 

The results are reported of a study of plate-out in PVC extrusion carried out using several analytical techniques, including DSC, SEM-EDX, FTIR spectroscopy and laser ionisation mass spectrometry. A special die and calibrator unit developed to investigate plate-out are illustrated and the reproducibility of the method evaluated. The effects of water content and anti-plate-out additives, such as alumina and silica, on plate-out are discussed and mechanisms explaining the formation of plate-out are proposed. 11 refs. 

Eden J, van Lith D, Warman JM, Hummel A. (1987) The effect of water content on the dark and radiation induced microwave conductivity of frozen gelatin gels. Radiat Phys Chem 29 51-56. 

Although zooplankton tend to maintain a rather rigid biochemistry, intra- and interspecific differences may arise due to physical characteristics (e.g., water content, body size), developmental stage, as weU as location (e.g., latitude) and season. Increased water content, and thus decreased muscle tissue, leads to a decrease in protein and N content in zooplankton (ChUdress and Nygaard, 1974 Morris and Hopkins, 1983). This may explain the lower N and protein content in gelatinous zooplankton relative to crustaceans as described above. The effect of water content on proteins can also be seen within taxonomic groups. For example, Calanus paciftcus... 

Hydrolysis has traditionally been used for the production of fatty acids and glycerols, which find widespread apphcation in soaps and detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products (174). Hydrolysis of soybean (181), canola (147, 208, 209), sunflower (149, 181, 210), tuna (150), and blackcurrant oils (145), tri-palmitin (146), triolein (211), and ethyl stearate (202) in SCCO2 has been reported. These investigations employed a variety of lipases, including immobilized lipase from porcine pancreas (211), Novozyme 435 (146, 181), Lipozyme (147, 150, 208, 209), non-immobilized Candida rugosa (150, 181), Lipase OL (150), and Lipolase lOOT (149, 181, 210). The effects of water content, enzyme load, operating conditions (temperature and pressure), pH, enzyme/substrate ratio, oil/buffer ratio, and CO2 flow rate (for continuous reactions) on the hydrolysis reaction were reported. 

Table III. Batch Runs, Effect of Water Content on Molecular Sieve Selectivity in Adsorption of 2,7-DMN from 257 —265 C Heart-Cut Isomers, 100 C, 2 Hrs.

In the experiments, both the feed and the sweep gases were mixed with controlled amounts of water before they entered the permeation cell. The effects of water content in gases on the membrane separation performance at 120 and 150 °C were investigated using a membrane with a thickness of -70pm on the BH A microporous Teflon support. The feed gas consisted of 20% C02, 40% H2, and 40% N2 (on dry basis). Figure 9.7 depicts the C02 permeability as a function of the water content on the sweep side at 120 and 150 °C. As the water content on the sweep side increased, C02 permeability increased almost linearly. When the water mole concentration increased from 58% to 93%, the C02 permeability increased from 3700 Barrer to as high as 8200 Barrer at 120 °C and from 920-2700 Barrer at 150 °C. 

Matsunaga, Y., Ohta, R., Bando, N., Yamada, H., Yuasa, H. and Kanaya, Y. Studies on internal structure of tablets IV Effects of water content on physical and chemical stability of tablets containing an anticancer drug TAT-59. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41 720-724, 1993. 

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