Effect of sodium

Reproductive Toxicity. No data are available that impHcate either hexavalent or trivalent chromium compounds as reproductive toxins, unless exposure is by way of injection. The observed teratogenic effects of sodium dichromate(VI), chromic acid, and chromium (HI) chloride, adininistered by injection, as measured by dose-response relationships are close to the amount that would be lethal to the embryo, a common trait of many compounds (111). Reported teratogenic studies on hamsters (117,118), the mouse (119—121), and rabbits (122) have shown increased incidence of cleft palate, no effect, and testicular degeneration, respectively. Although the exposures for these experiments were provided by injections, in the final study (122) oral, inhalation, and dermal routes were also tried, and no testicular degeneration was found by these paths. 

Level Dyeing Techniques. It is exceptionally difficult to obtain level dyeings on acryhc, and temperature and pH control depend on fiber type and are not always adequate. Sodium sulfate in limited amounts can be used to some effect. The sulfate ions compete for the dye with the fiber SO3 sites and so retard the rate of dyeing by forming a dye complex with the ions. The effect of sodium sulfate is best with dyes having the lowest... 

The typical amounts of sodium and vanadium in the fuel should be less than 1 ppm. Figure 29-42 shows the effect of sodium and vanadium on the life of the blade and on the combustor life. Figure 29-43 shows the reduction in firing temperature required to maintain design life (hrs) of a typical turbine (IN718) blade due to sodium and vanadium in the fuel. 

FIG. 29-42 Effect of sodium, potassium, and vanadium on comhnstor life. 

Experience has shown that the lives of both uncoated and coated blades depend to a large degree on the amount of fuel and air contamination. This effect is shown in Figure 11-8, which illustrates the effect of sodium, a common contaminant, on blade life at 1600 °F (871 °C). The presence of increased levels of contaminants give rise to an accelerated form of attack called hot corrosion. 

Sodium nitrite (NaNOg) is used by emergency medical personnel as an antidote for cyanide poisoning (for this purpose, it must be administered immediately). Based on the discussion of cyanide poisoning in Section 21.10, suggest a mechanism for the life-saving effect of sodium nitrite. 

Sodium in the feed is called added sodium. For all practical purposes, the adverse effects of sodium are the same regardless of its origin. 

The accelerating effect of sodium perchlorate on the rate of mercuration by mercuric acetate in acetic acid arises out of the equilibrium... 

Figure 5.54. Effect of sodium coverage on the change AUWR of polycrystalline Pt catalyst potential UWr and on the catalytic rates of CO oxidation (solid lines37) and C2H4 oxidation (dashed lines36). Comparison with the theoretical Na coverage required to form the Pt(l 11)-(12xl2)-Na adlayer 0 is based on the number of surface Pt atoms 09a is based on the number of surface O atoms corresponding to the Pt(l 1 l)-(2x2)-0 adlattice. Reprinted from ref. 78 with permission from Elsevier Science,...

Figure 6.4. Examples for the four types of global classical promotion behaviour. Work function increases with the x-axis. (a) Steady-state (low conversion) rates of ethylene oxide (EtO) and C02 production from a mixture of 20 torr of ethylene and 150 torr of 02 for various Cs predosed coverages on Ag(lll) at 563 K19 (b) Rate of water-gas shift reaction over Cu(l 11) as a function of sulphur coverage at 612 K, 26 Torr CO and 10 Torr H202° (c) Effect of sodium loading on NO reduction to N2 by C3H6 on Pd supported on YSZ21 at T=380°C (d) Effect of sodium loading on the rate of NO reduction by CO on Na-promoted 0.5 wt% Rh supported on Ti02(4% W03).22...

Jurivich, D.A., Sistonen, L., Kroes, R.A., Morimoto, R.I. (1992). Effect of sodium salicylate on the human heat shock response. Science 255, 1243-1245. 

Moftah, A.E. Michel, B.E. (1987). The effect of sodium chloride on solute potential and proline accumulation in soybean leaves. Plant Physiology, 83, 238-43. 

Ajmal, N. et al. The effectiveness of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (Mesna) in reducing capsular formation around implants in a rabbit model. Blast. Reconstr. Surg., 112, 1455, 2003. 

Fig. 2. Effect of sodium alginate concentration on lactic acid production...

Meat products have to be stabilised in some cases, as meat lipids contain no natural antioxidants or only traces of tocopherols. Most muscle foods contain, however, an efficient multi-component antioxidant defence system based on enzymes, but the balance changes adversely on storage. The denaturation of muscle proteins is the main cause of the inbalance as iron may be released from its complexes, catalysing the lipid oxidation. Salting contributes to the negative effects of storage, as it enhances oxidation. Using encapsulated salt eliminates the deleterious effect of sodium chloride. 

N-Nitrosamine inhibitors Ascorbic acid and its derivatives, andDC-tocopherol have been widely studied as inhibitors of the N-nitrosation reactions in bacon (33,48-51). The effect of sodium ascorbate on NPYR formation is variable, complete inhibition is not achieved, and although results indicate lower levels of NPYR in ascorbate-containing bacon, there are examples of increases (52). Recently, it has been concluded (29) that the essential but probably not the only requirement for a potential anti-N-nitrosamine agent in bacon are its (a) ability to trap NO radicals, (b) lipophilicity, (c) non-steam volatility and (d) heat stability up to 174 C (maximum frying temperature). These appear important requirements since the precursors of NPYR have been associated with bacon adipose tissue (15). Consequently, ascorbyl paImitate has been found to be more effective than sodium ascorbate in reducing N-nitrosamine formation (33), while long chain acetals of ascorbic acid, when used at the 500 and lOOO mg/kg levels have been reported to be capable of reducing the formation of N-nitrosamines in the cooked-out fat by 92 and 97%, respectively (49). 

Sato, M. et al.. Effect of sodium copper chlorophyUin on lipid peroxidation. IX. On the antioxidative components in commercial preparations of sodium copper chlorophyUin, Chem. Pharm. Bull, 34, 2428, 1986. 

Escribano, J., Cabanes, J., and Garcfa-Carmona, R, Characterisation of latent polyphenol oxidase in table beet effect of sodium dodecyl sulphate, J. Sci. Food Agric., 73, 34, 1997. 

The effect of sodium, potassium or ceiicium hydroxide on trichloromethane or bromoform in the presence of acetone gives rise to the following reaction, which is very exothermic and caused numerous accidents with detonations ... 

An attempt to prepare phenylacetonitrile by the effect of sodium cyanide on benzyl chloride in a methanol medium led to the explosion of the reactor. This was explained by insufficient cooling of the medium. 

The effect of sodium hydroxide on p-chloro-o-cresol according to the following equation ... 

A diazonium salt is obtained by the effect of sodium nitrite on an aromatic amine when an acid is present and at a low temperature ... 

The effect of sodium hydride on nitromethane forms a sait that detonates if the reaction is carried out without using a solvent. When tetrahydrofuran is present, the reaction is violent if the temperature is greater than 40 C. 

The effect of sodium nitrite on phthalic anhydride when it was hot ended with a violent detonation of the medium. It was explained by the formation of a derivative containing the following unstable group CO-ONO. 

The effect of sodium nitride on trichloroacetonitrile in the presence of ammonium chloride was used to make tetrazole. The operation was interrupted by the medium detonating. 

R. Gundersen, B. Johansen, P. O. Gartland, L. Fiksdal, I. Vintermyr, R. Tunold, and G. Hagen. The effect of sodium hypochlorite on the electrochemical properties of stainless steels in seawater with and without bacterial films. Corrosion, 47(10) 800-807, October 1991. 

J. Lakatos-Szabd and I. Lakatos. Effect of sodium hydroxide on interfacial rheological properties of oil-water systems. In Colloids Surfaces, Sect A, volume 149, pages 507-513. 9th Surface Colloid Sci Int Conf (Sofia, Bulgaria, 7/6-7/12), 1997. 

N. J. Phillips, J. P. Renwick, J. W. Palmer, and A. J. Swift. The synergistic effect of sodium thiosulphate on corrosion inhibition. In Proceedings Volume, volume 1, pages 110-137.7th NACEIntetal Middle East Corrosion Conf (Manama, Bahrain, 2/26-2/28), 1996. 

The antagonistic effects of sodium pentothal on the blood pressure and the respiratory effects of chlordan are illustrated in Figure 1, C. The intermittent severe tremors with concomitant Cheyne-Stokes type of respiration produced by the injection of chlordan were decreased or entirely abolished, and both the respiratory rate and depth were restored to near normal. A dose of barbiturate sufficient to diminish the tremors appreciably and to restore the respiration to normal also produced a temporary drop of 10 to. 40 mm. of mercury in blood pressure. 

Avdeef, A. Takacs-Novak, K. Box, K. J., pH-metric logP. 6. Effects of sodium, potassium, and N-CH3-D-glucamine on the octanol-water partitioning with prostaglandins El and E2, J. Pharm. Sci. 84, 523-529 (1995). 

A Smulders, EM Wright. (1971). Galactose transport across the hamster small intestine The effect of sodium electrochemical gradients. J Physiol 212 277-286. 

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