Dietary polyunsaturated

Fischer S Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoid formation in humans. Adv Lipid Res 1989 23 169. 

Wamants N, van Oeckel M J and Boucque C V (1998), Effect of incorporation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in pork back-fat on the quality of salami , Meat Sci, 49, 435 145. 

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially the n-3 series that are found in marine fish oils, modulate a variety of normal and disease processes, and consequently affect human health. PUFAs are classified based on the position of double bonds in their lipid structure and include the n-3 and n-6 series. Dietary n-3 PUFAs include a-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) whereas the most common n-6 PUFAs are linoleic acid, y-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid (AA). AA is the primary precursor of eicosanoids, which includes the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Collectively, these AA-derived mediators can exert profound effects on immune and inflammatory processes. Mammals can neither synthesize n-3 and n-6 PUFAs nor convert one variety to the other as they do not possess the appropriate enzymes. PUFAs are required for membrane formation and function... 

Scott, T. W., Cook, L. J. and Mills, S. C. 1971. Protection of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids against microbial hydrogenation in ruminants. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 48, 358-364. 

Dolecek, T.A. 1992. Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 200, 177-182. 

O Farrell, S., Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidation damage to heart, skeletal muscle and skin, PhD Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1994. 

Reeve, V.E., Bosnic, M., and Boehm-Wilcox, C., Dependence of photocarcinogenesis and photoimmunosuppression in the hairless mouse on dietary polyunsaturated fat, Cancer Lett., 108, 271, 1996. 

Brude IR, Nenseter MS, Christiansen EN, Drevon CA. Reduction of leptin gene expression by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. 210. J. Lipid Res. 2001 42 743-750. 

Felton, C- V., Cmok, D-, Davies, M- J., and Oliver, M- F. (1994). Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and composition of human aortic plaques. Lancet 344,1195-1196. 

Since vitamin E requirements depend on dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, which vary considerably between individuals, it has not been seen as expedient to establish a single Population Reference Intake value. 

Summerfield, F.W. and Tappel, A. A. 1984. Effect of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fats and Vitamin E on Aging and Peroxidation Damage to DNS. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 233 408 116. Swanson, J.E., Ben, R.N., Burton, G.W., and Parker, R.S. 1999. Urinary Excretion of 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-((3-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman is a Major Route of Elimination of y-Tocopherol in Humans../. Lipid Res. 40 665-671. 

Hibbeln, J.R. and Salem, Jr., N. (1995) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and depression when cholesterol does not satisfy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 1-9. 

James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG. Dietary polyunsaturaled fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 71 3438-3488. 

Clarke SD, Jump DB. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription. Ann Rev Nutr 1994 14 83-98. 

Bourre JM, Bonneil M. Clement M, Dumont O, Durand G, Lafont H, et al. Function of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nervous system. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids 1993 48 5-15. Bridge EM, lob LV. The mechanism of the ketogenic diet in epilepsy. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1931 ... 

Olsson NU, Shoaf S, Salem N Jr. The effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohol on neurotransmitter levels in rat brain. Nutr Neurosci 1998 1 133-140. 

Chan, E., Tan, C. S., Deurenberg-Yap, M., Chia, K. S., Chew, S. K., and Tai, E. S. (2006). The V227A polymorphism at the PPARA locus is associated with serum lipid concentrations and modulates the association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and serum high density lipoprotein concentrations in Chinese women. Atherosclerosis 187, 309-315. 

A year later, in the August/September 2003 issue, Wayne Martin again addresses the prudent diet vs. saturated fats in an article titled The Role of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fats in Heart Disease and Atherosclerosis. (Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.) The data overwhelmingly indicate that saturated fats, whether butter or lard or whatever, are preferable to polyunsaturated fats, contrary to the present conventional wisdom. Moreover, aspirin was found to have no beneficial effect against heart attacks. 

Martin, W. 2003. The Role of Dietary Polyunsaturated Fats in Heart Disease and Arteriosclerosis. Townsend Letterfor Doctors and Patients, nos. 241/242 (August/September) 80-84. 

Xu, J., Nakamura, M. T., Cho, H. P., and Clarke, S. D. Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 expression is suppressed by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids. A mechanism for the coordinate suppression of lipogenic genes by polyunsaturated fats. J Biol Chem 274 (1999b) 23577-23583. 

Xu, J., Cho, H., O Malley, S., Park, J.H., Clarke, S.D. 2002. Dietary polyunsaturated fats regulate rat liver sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1 and -2 in three distinct stages and by dilferent mechanisms. J. Nutr. 132 3333-3339. 

Kinsella, J.E. B. Lokesh S. Broughton J. Whelan. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and eico-sanoids potential effects on the modulation of inflammatory and immune cells An overview. 

Carroll KK, Hopkins GJ. (1979) Dietary polyunsaturated fat versus saturated fat in relation to mammary carcinogenesis. Lipids 14 155-158. 

Ans. Fatty acids containing more than one unsaturated bond past carbon 9 of a saturated chain counting from the carboxyl end cannot be synthesized by humans. Prostaglandins, a family of lipid-soluble organic acids which are regulators of hormones, are synthesized by mammals from arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid which mammals can synthesize using the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids of plant origin as precursors. 

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