Effect of Blend Ratio

Particulate Emissions from Blend Tests. The stack particulate emissions for the baseline and three blend ratios were measured. The effect of blend ratios on the particulate emission rate is shown graphically in Figure 1. In this representation the percent increase of the particulate emission rate over the baseline value for the various blend ratios is plotted for the two higher engine loads at 110° F AMT. 

The effect of blend ratio on the particulate emissions is significant. The increase in the rate over baseline is... 

Figure 13.29 Effect of blend ratio on swelling ratio of the polymer composite at 50% cofibre (author s experiment).

Figure 9.1 Effect of blend ratio on Mooney viscosity (a) and scorch time (is2) along with optimum cure time (tc90) (b) of the compounds.

It is widely known that the advantage of NR-based thermoplastic elastomer over the NR is the ease of processing, subsequently resulting in lower cost of production. Melt rheology of NR and ethylene-vinyl-acetate copolymer (EVA) blends were studied by Koshy et al The melt rheology of the blends between NR and EVA has been studied with reference to the effects of blend ratio, crosslinking systems, shear stress, and temperature. It was found that a positive... 

Oommen et al. had studied melt rheological behaviour of the blends between NR and poly(methyl methacrylate) based on the effect of blend ratio, processing conditions and graft copolymer concentration as a function of shear stress and temperature. It was clarified that the viscosity of the blends increased with the increase of the amount of NR. On the other hand, the flow behaviour of the blends was found to be influenced by dynamic vulcanization of the rubber phase. 

ENR prepared from chemical modification of NR latex has recently been commercialized. ENR was claimed to have oil resistance property, low gas permeability and more anti-oxidizing and damping than NR. Up to now, many research works have studied its applications and their blends with other polymers such as in this case, the blend between ENR and neoprene (CR) of which the effect of blending ratio on processability of ENR/CR blend was studied by Chiu et al Mastication of ENR (ENR-50, Malaysian Rubber Producers Research Association), CR (ES-2-16K, Du Pont), vulcanizing agent, accelerator, and other related ingredients was carried out in a pressurized kneader (SYD-5, Star-King Enterprise Co., Taiwan) for 17 min under a rotation rate of 77 rpm. Each sample s composition was listed in Table 18.7. 

FIGURE 16.3 Effect of blend ratio on the breaking tenacity of pure and polyblend fibers. Reprinted from Ref. 31. Copyright 2007, with permission from Elsevier. 

Srinivasa Rao, P., Smitha, B., Sridhar, S., and Krishnaiah, A. (2006) Effect of blending ratio on pervaporative separation of 1,4-dioxane/water mixtures through PVA-PEI membranes. Vacuum, 81, 299-306. 

Chitosan/ PEG Effect of blended ratio of PEG/chitosan. No biotoxicity and cell culture study. [169]... 

In this study, extending the concept of localizing bubble nucleation in a confined domain, nanocellular foam was prepared with commodity polymer blends, polystyrene (PS) and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The polymer blend was prepared by polymerizing methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer in polystyrene matrix after dissolving the monomer into the matrix. The polymerization in polymer matrix provides highly dispersed PMMA domains. The polymer blend was then foamed by CO2. The effects of blend ratio, foaming temperature and depressurization rate on bubble diameter as well as bubble density were investigated. 

The effect of viscosity ratio on the morphology of immiscible polymer blends has been studied by several researchers. Studies with blends of LCPs and thermoplastics have shown indications that for good fibrillation to be achieved the viscosity of the dispersed LCP phase should be lower than that of the matrix [22,38-44]. 

In an earlier study (44) on the effect of viscosity ratio on the morphology of PP-LCP blends we found that the viscosity ratio is a critical factor in determining the blend morphology. The most fibrillar structure was achieved when the viscosity ratio (i7lcp i7pp) ranged from about 0.5-1. At even lower viscosity ratios the fiber structure was coarser, while at viscosity ratios above unity, the LCP domains tended to be spherical or clusterlike (Fig. 1)=... 

Figure 4. Comparative rates of cure of Versamid 125 resin. Table IV. Effect of Resin Ratio on Hardness of Cured Blends...

It was of interest— by analogy with PP/PE blends—to investigate effects of polymer ratios in PP/EPR blends on the lA grafting. Numerous experiments were performed, using Brabenderplastograph, following a method as described elsewhere (45). The concentrations of the monomer and initiator (peroxide L-101) were constant and made 1 and 0.3 wt%, respectively. The PP to EPR ratio in the blends... 

The effects of blended cements containing various mineral admbc-tures on the flexural strength of dry-cured EVA-modified mortars are illustrated in Fig. 4.17.The flexural strength of EVA-modified mortars with the blended cements increases with an increase in the polymer-cement ratio, and is similar to that of unmodified mortar except in a few cases. 

Tsuji, H. and Ikada, Y. (1995) Blends of isotactic tmd atactic poly(lactide)s. I. Effects of mixing ratio of isomers on crystallization of blends from melt. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 58, 1793-1802. 

The effect of concentration ratio of the blend components on the formation of 3-D network was also studied using the same model system PVA/PETG [37]. 

The effect of blend composition on the hole and electron mobilities measured using OFETs was first published in 2004 [83]. It was found that the mobilities of holes and electrons were strongly dependent upon the weight ratio of blends of poly-[2-methoxy-5-(2 -ethylhexyloxy)-l,4-(l-cyanovinylene)phenylene (MEH-PPV) and [60]PCBM. This is shown in Figure 8.10c. The mobility of electrons is not measurable until a ratio of 4 6 (MEH-PPV [60]PCBM) is reached, after which the mobility increases strongly with increasing fiillerene content. This was attributed to improvements in the percolating pathways for electrons in such systems. 

PA-6/EP-g-MA Melt blending/rheology/mechanical properties/ DMTA/morphology/effect of component ratio/ also addition of MgO Okada et al. 1999... 

Poly(lactic acid)/EBA-GMA/ EMAA partially Zn neutralized Extmsion blending/TEM/ mechanical properties/effects of blending temperamre and elastomer/ionomer ratio Liu et al. 2010b... 

LCP/PE-f-epoxide TSE/mOTphology/mechanical and thermal properties/effect of blend component ratios and of different PE epoxy levels Tynys et al. 2002... 

Cho and Kamal (2002) derived equations for the affine deformation of the dispersed phase, using a stratified, steady, simple shear flow model. It includes the effects of viscosity ratio and volume fraction. According to the equation, for viscosity ratio > 1, the deformation of the dispersed phase increases with the increase of the dispersed phase fraction. For compatibiUzed PE/PA-6 blends at high RPM (i.e., 100, 150, and 200 RPM) in the Haake mixer, the particle size decreases with concentration of the dispersed phase up to 20 wt%. This occurs because the total deformation of the dispersed phase before breakup increases as the volume fraction increases, and coalescence is suppressed. The increase of the particle sizes between 20 and 30 wt% results from the increase of coalescence due to the high dispersed phase fractions. The data for 1 wt% blends suggest that mixing in the Haake mixer follows the transient deformation and breakup mechanism, and that shear flow is dominant in the mixer. 

The effect of casting solvent on the miscibility behavior of silk fibroin/PVF blends was investigated by Um et al. SF/PVA blend films cast from aqueous and formic acid solution. The p-sheet conformation of SF formed by formic acid casting was retained for aU SF blends regardless of blend ratio. SF/PVA blends from aqueous solution exhibited a phase-separated morphology and immiscibility by SEM observation and DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis) measurement (Um and Park 2007) (Figs. 10.35 and 10.36). 

Stradins, L. and Osswald, T.A. (1996) Predicting the effect of viscosity ratios on the mixing of polymer blends using the boundary element method. Polym. Eng. Sd., 36 (7), 979-984. 

Heino, M. and Vainio, T. (1996) Effect of viscosity ratio and processing conditions on the morphology of blends of liquid crystalline polymer and polypropylene, in Handbook of Applied Polymer Processing Technology, (eds N.P. Cheremisinoff and P.N. Cheremisinoff), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 233-263. 

A. Soroudi, M. Skrifvars, H. Liu, Polyaniline-polypropylene melt-spun fibre filaments the collaborative effects of blending conditions and fibre draw ratios on the electrical properties of fibre filaments, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 119 (2011) 558—564. 

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