Foaming temperature

Other factors (pH, temperature, foam dispersity, foam column height, rate of gas and liquid feed, etc.) also affect the accumulation effectiveness (parameter //). Some of these, such as pH, temperature, type and concentration of the collector, are changing the adsorption, others, like dispersity and foam column height, are changing the drainage rate that determines foam stability and expansion ratio. The book of Rusanov et al. [23] summarises the results on the effect of these factors on foam accumulation of surfactants. 

The use of surfactants to create dispersions that improve flow behavior in EOR is currently associated quite closely with CO2 and with steam flooding. However, for two decades research on dispersion-based flow control focused on the development of low-pressure, low-temperature foams for other applications, such as improving water floods and reducing the losses of natural gas from underground storage. Direct applications to CO2 flooding did not appear until 1978 (48,49). 

Thermoplastic polyetherimide Ultem can be formulated with high temperature foaming agents such as 5-phenyldihydro-l,3,4-oxadiazinone to produce structural form products [99] by injection molding. PEI could be readily imbibed with various volatile organic compounds such as chlorinated hydrocarbons [100] and acetone [101]. 

Room-Temperature-Foaming Silicone Rubbers Liquid silicone rubber prepolymers that foam and cure at room temperature are available. These products are foamed by the liberation of hydrogen from the reaction ... 

Additives are used to coat the metal surfaces and prevent O2 and acids from reacting and to prevent foaming. These include borates, molybdates, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, silicates, amines, triazoles, and thiazoles. Acids are formed by Cl, 804 and the oxidation products of ethylene glycol at high temperatures. Foaming is caused by entrapped air and is retarded by silicones, polyglycols, or oil. Most of the air comes from an improperly filled overflow container. 

The second approach was based on monitoring the interfadal characteristics of surfactant solutions kept at reservoir temperature. Foaming capacity was chosen as a measure of surfactant interfacial activity, and all nine surfactants followed the pattern shown in Figure 1 and indicated no deterioration over time. 

POLYURETHANE PLASTIC POLYMER FORMULATION FOR ELEVATED TEMPERATURE FOAMING. 

Sulfonylhydrazide blowing agents are used for the low temperature foaming of polymers like LDPE and EVA. 

There is a large amount of ambient-temperature foam property data in the literature and company files compared with that available at cryogenic temperatures. This is particularly true in the area of mechanical properties. Although the thrust of this paper is properties at low temperatures, it is necessary to make use of ambient temperature data to stress certain characteristic behavior. Typical values will be used in many of these illustrations so that the curves would not, in general, represent a specific material. 

These products tend to be used at ambient or near-amlnent temperatures. Foam control by use of cloud phase antifoams under those omditions would require the use of... 

FIGURE 9.13 Cell density of PSU for different foaming temperatnres saturated with 15 bar and 50 bar carbon dioxide for 2 h at room temperature. Foaming times of 30 s were used. The dotted lines confine the foaming temperature range in whieh foam formation is observed. (Reported from Krause B. et al., 2001, Macromolecules 34,4, February, 874—884, doi 10.1021/ma001291z, http //pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ma001291z.)... 

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