Effect of atmosphere

The effects of atmospheric pollution are chemical, and concentration, specific. However, additive, and sometimes synergistic, effects arising from mixtures are important. A sutmuary of the potential effects of common air pollutants is given in Table 16.10. 

The effect of atmospheric dispersion on the structure of a vapor cloud may be summarized as follows. In general, the structure of a vapor cloud in the atmosphere... 

So far, we have explained the effects of atmospheric pressure on liquids and how external forces are distributed through liquids. Let us now focus our attention on forces generated by the weight of liquids themselves. To do this, we must first discuss density, specific gravity and Pascal s law. 

Most infrared monitoring systems or instruments provide special filters that can be used to avoid the negative effects of atmospheric attenuation of infrared data. However the plant user must recognize the specific factors that will affect the accuracy of the infrared data and apply the correct filters or other signal conditioning required negating that specific attenuating factor or factors. 

The significance of the amount of sulphur dioxide rather than the concentration has been demonstrated by other workers who have studied the effects of atmospheric flow rate. An increase in steel corrosion with increase in atmospheric flow rate at a constant volume concentration of sulphur... 

Industrial atmospheres usually accelerate the corrosion of zinc. When heavy mists and dews occur in these areas, they are contaminated with considerable amounts of acid substances such as sulphur dioxide, and the film of moisture covering the metal can be quite acid and can have a pH as low as 3. Under these conditions the zinc is dissolved but, as the corrosion proceeds, the pH rises, and when it has reached a sufficiently high level basic salts are once more formed and provide further protection for the metal. These are usually the basic carbonate but may sometimes be a basic sulphate. As soon as the pH of the moisture film falls again, owing to the solution of acid gases, the protective film dissolves and renewed attack on the metal occurs. Hudson and Stanners conducted tests at various locations in order to determine the effect of atmospheric pollution on the rate of corrosion of steel and zinc. Their figures for zinc are given in Table 4.34 and clearly show the effect which industrial contamination has on the corrosion rate. 

Evolution in telescope making since the Palomar has not been limited to the area of optical production. The alt-azimuthal mount has become the established solution since the Bolshoi 6 m telescope, for its superior mechanical performance and the compact, cost-efficient enclosure design it allows. Better understanding of the properties of atmospheric turbulence allowed a more accurate characterization of a telescope properties, a more balanced approach towards specifications and error budgeting and a better understanding of the utmost importance of site selection. Any ground-based telescope of appreciable size will be primarily limited by the effect of atmospheric turbulence, not to mention the proportion of photometric nights allowed by weather conditions. 

Feedbacks may be affected directly by atmospheric CO2, as in the case of possible CO2 fertilization of terrestrial production, or indirectly through the effects of atmospheric CO2 on climate. Furthermore, feedbacks between the carbon cycle and other anthropogenically altered biogeochemical cycles (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur) may affect atmospheric CO2. If the creation or alteration of feedbacks have strong effects on the magnitudes of carbon cycle fluxes, then projections, made without consideration of these feedbacks and their potential for changing carbon cycle processes, will produce incorrect estimates of future concentrations of atmospheric CO2. 

Group 3 elements which are not mostly vaporized in the boiler (1423 K) V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni Referring to the classification, we investigated the temperature dependency of release of trace metals in coal combustion. We already reported the behavior of these three types of elements during high temperature coal processing and reported elsewhere . So in this paper, we investigated the effect of atmosphere for the emission behavior of trace elements. 

In this work, effects of atmosphere during calcination process on photoactivities for decomposition of ethylene were investigated. TiOa were prepared by sol-gel and then calcined under Na plus increasing amounts of O2 at temperature 723 K. Conversion of ethylene increased with increasing sirface defect. Increasing this defect occurred when amount of O2 during calcination process increased. Surface defect of Ti02 samples was determined by CO2-TPD and ESR, while XRD, SEM, TEM and BET were used to characterize other physical properties of TiOa samples. 

In this work, effect of atmosphere during calcination process on surface defect was investigated using photocatalytic activity for oxidation of ethylene. CO2-TPD and ESR were used to determine this surface defect. 

Batchelor, R. F. Wilson, A. D. (1969). Zinc oxide eugenol cements. I. The effect of atmospheric conditions on rheological properties. Journal of Dental... 

NAS. 1972. Lead Airborne lead in perspective Biologic effects of atmospheric pollutants. Washington, DC National Academy of Sciences, 71-177, 281-313. 

Nagymajtenyi, L., A. Selypes, and G. Berencsi. 1985. Chromosomal aberrations and fetotoxic effects of atmospheric arsenic exposure in mice. Jour. Appl. Toxicol. 5 61-63. 

Shows effects of atmosphere, sample history, purity, etc. Measures sample temperature directly. 

Biological Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants, Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC, 1972. 

The arylhydroxylamines are weak bases which dissolve in dilute acids to form salts. The instability of phenylhydroxylamine has three causes the effect of atmospheric oxygen, of alkalis, and of acids. On exposure to air the compound, especially if impure, is oxidised to nitrosobenzene, which can be detected in decomposing phenylhydroxylamine by its pungent odour. As is often the case, the velocity of this process, which is known as autoxidation, is increased by alkalis it is accompanied by the production of hydrogen peroxide according to the equation ... 

Fare TL et al (2003) Effects of atmospheric ozone on microarray data quality. Anal Chem... 

Arthur RD, Cain JD, Barrentine BF. 1975 The effect of atmospheric levels of pesticides on pesticide residues in rabbit adipose tissue and blood sera. Bull Environ Contamin Toxicol 14(6) 760- 764. 

Calvert. J. G. Modes of formation of the salts of sulfur and nitrogen in an NOx-SOx-hydrocarbon polluted atmosphere, pp. VlII-l-VIII-13. In T. T. Crocker, Ed. Conference on Health Effects of Atmospheric Salts and Gases of Sulfur and Nitrogen... 

Dugger, W. M., J. Koukol, and R. L. Palmer. Physiological and biochemical effects of atmospheric oxidants on plants. I. Air PoUut. Control Assoc. 16 467-471, 1966. 

Haynie, F. H., and J. B. Upham. Effects of atmospheric pollutants on corrosion behavior of steel. Mater. Protect. Perform. 10(11) 18-21, 1971. 

Salvin, V. S. Effect of atmospheric contaminants on fabrics—dyed and undyed, pp. 56-64. In Textile Quality Control Papers, Vol. 16, 1%9. American Society for Quality Control, Textiles and Needle Trade IXvision. 

Other volumes in the Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants series (formerly named Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants) ... 

---