EDX measurement

EDX measurements show the same trend, except that the ST7A1 ratios are always higher. Indeed, the EDX technique only probes the upper layer of the solid sample which is supposed to contain less A.1. 

We would like to thank to JEOL for the TEM-EDX measurement. This work was in part supported by Tokuyama Science Foundation and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No. 04805081) from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan. 

Torigoe and Esumi proposed silver(I) bis(oxalato)palladate(II) as a precursor of Ag/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized by PVP (45). Photoreduction of the aqueous precursor in a quartz vessel gave Ag/Pd bimetallic nanoparticles at various concentrations. The particles deviate from spherical ones but are uniform. Each particle contains both metal elements, as confirmed by EDX measurement. The size can be changed with concentration of the precursor. The average composition of... 

SIMS (61,64,86), microscopy (65), XPS (56), electron microprobe techniques (14,66), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) (67) and luminescence experiments (68) have been successfully employed to probe and study V mobility and reactivity on a catalyst surface. TEM, STEM and energy dispersive X-ray emission (EDX) measurements have indicated that V interaction with REY-crystals induced vanadate clusters formation (65). Vanadium was also found capable of reacting with rare-earths outside the zeolite cavities to form LaVQ4... 

SEM/EDX Measurements. Sample powder was sprayed onto a carbon coated aluminum sample holder. After drying at room temperature, the sample holder was put into the analysis chamber of an AMRAY 1810D scanning electron microscope and evacuated. 

SEM/EDX analyses were done with a Philips PV9800 EDX spectrometer. An acceleration potential of 25 or 30 kV was used for the EDX measurement (2 micron depth analysis). Care was taken to find both pure matrix and pure zeolite spots. Multi-spot analyses were performed on different particles of a sample in order to obtain more accurate information. Quantitative calculations were done with the Super Quant program with a ZAF correction to obtain relative concentrations. 

In summary, four experimental/calculational techniques, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, SIMS-SEM-EDX and NAA with radiochemical analysis, were used to determine the concentration of Li in reactor steels either by direct measurement or by calculation from measured values. Li measurements from the first two techniques, ICP-OES, and ICP-MS, were discarded due to excessive values/excessive limit of detection. SIMS/SEM-EDX measurement of Li and two approaches to neutron activation of steels samples with radiochemical measurement of values used to calculate Li concentrations yielded 10 valid data points spread over one order of magnitude, see Table 4. In particular, the two neutron activation approaches using differing flux, time and temperature conditions yielded good consistency of calculated values of Li. Consequently, the average Li concentration in Magnox RPV steel is considered to be < 1 ng g" and estimated as 0.4 0.2 ngg- x(lB). 

The amount of Pt loaded in the sample was determined by the EDX measurement. The Pt content in Pt/C at different positions was in the range of 6 - 14 wt.%. On the other hand, the Pt content in Pt/C was calculated to be 8 wt.% from the amount of Pt salt and RF resin in the precursor solution. This result suggests that almost all the Pt salt and RF resin were included into the final product Pt/C. 

Figure 1.7 (a) Comparison of normalized copper EDX signal for electrodes with deposited copper layer. Electrodes were stationary vertical (squares) or rotated (triangles), (b) Sketch of mapped points on electrode surface for EDX measurements. 

The Pt-Au particles were prepared in both microemulsion systems (Table 20). Both small (about 3.0 nm diameter) and big (about 12 nm diameter) particles were obtained in both systems. The size of the particles is not dependent on the composition of the precursor salts. The big particles are clearly formed by aggregation of the small particles. The nanoparticles are true mixed Pt-Au particles, as was shown by STEM/EDX measurements [24]. 

We have applied both methods to our thin film samples as well. However, in the corresponding IR absorption and XRD spectra, almost no difference to siloxene with the ideal stoichiometric composition could be detected, in agreement with quantitative EDX measurements which find an Si/0 ratio of about 2 1 for all samples. This demonstrates how easily Si-based sheet polymers are subject to hydrolysis and that an even better protection from the ambient atmosphere and a more complete removal of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous solution might be necessary to achieve pure polysilyne, especially as an epitaxial film. 

Results are often converted to an equivalent monolayer coverage for direct comparison with field emission gun scanning transmission electron microscopy (FEGSTEM) EDX measurements of grain boundary segregation. The calculation is straightforward for binary systems, but the complexity rapidly increases as the number of elements increases. The equivalent monolayer coverages (O) for P and C in Fe are summarised in Table 92 ... 

Figure 21.7 On-column hydrogenation over the reactor. SEM and Si/Pd EDX measure-highly active Pd nanoparticles. Capillaries of ments show the coating of the fused silica only 2 cm coated with Pd nanoparticles sta- micro capillaries (i.d. 250, 0.25 pm film thick-bilized in a polysiloxane matrix are used as ness).

Cross section through a GDL (a) SEM picture, (b) Carbon distribution, (c) Fluorine distribution (from EDX measurements). 

Environmental scanning electron microscopy, ESEM/energy dispersive X-ray, EDX, measurements have been used to study kinetics of migration of alkyl amide in pol5q)ropylene. " ... 

Fig. 1. The process of X-Ray production in EDX measurements of samples (a) showing how an inner orbital electron is ejected out from an electron coming from the electron gun of a SEM/TEM and (b) the production of characteristic X-Rays from the transition of an outer electron orbital to the inner orbital...

From an experimental point of view, electrochemical crtrrent-voltage measurements on microscopic parts of the electrodes were carried out with capillaries of 20-100 microns manipulated so as to cover specific sulphide inclusions, previously characterized by SEM/EDX measurements. 

Figure 13.10 shows the microstructure before ageing. It gives some EDX measurements which show that the Si content is not constant in the modified surface but significantly higher than in the tube base material. 

SEM micrograph of a dissected lower part of the scale of pure iron after corrosion beneath a molten KCI-ZnCl2 deposit in Ar-8 vol.% O2-IOOO vppm HCI at 320°C for 127.7 h. In this zone iron chloride has formed. Qualitative EDX measurements show low concentrations of O and K. 

The material couple used for all tests in this work was a Cr bearing steel (BS EN 31) of hardness 180HV (plates) and cast iron (BS EN 1452) of hardness 150HV (pins). Their chemical compositions from EDX measurements are shown in Table 1. 

The nature of the boride particles and the composition of the mixed Ni-Co-B particles were determined by XPS and EDX, respectively. Table 3 shows the initial composition of the luckel and cobalt chlorides dissolved in the microemulsion (X). The composition of the nanoparticies (x) was determined by EDX measurements. It can be seen that the compositions X and X are equal within 3%, 5% being the largest difference. 

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