Economics industrial applications

Polymerization of /3-lactams to yield linear polyamides could have industrial applications if the cost of the starting materials can be reduced sufficiently to make the process economically attractive (75S547 p. 58l). 

Economic Incentives for Automation Projects Industrial applications of advanced process control strategies such as MFC are... 

Economics Microfiltratiou may be the triumph of the Lilliputians nonetheless, there are a few large-industrial applications. Dextrose plants are veiy large, and as membrane filtration displaces the precoat filters now standard in the industry, very large membrane microfiltratiou equipment will be built. 

Chemical lysis, or solubilization of the cell wall, is typically carried out using detergents such as Triton X-100, or the chaotropes urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. This approach does have the disadvantage that it can lead to some denaturation or degradation of the produci. While favored for laboratory cell disruption, these methods are not typically used at the larger scales. Enzymatic destruction of the cell walls is also possible, and as more economical routes to the development of appropriate enzymes are developed, this approach could find industrial application. Again, the removal of these additives is an issue. 

As with all of die processes described, drese are first studied in detail in the laboratoty with an industrial application as dre objective. Those processes which pass the criterion of economic potential are used in a pilot plant smdy, and dretr, if successful, at the production level which must be optimized. The materials which are produced are mainly, in the present instance, for application in the elecU onics industry where relatively high costs are acceptable. It will be seen drat the simple kinetic theory of gases is adequate to account for dre rates of these processes, and to indicate the ways in which production may be optimized on dre industrial scale. 

Although the first industrial application of anodic protection was as recent as 1954, it is now widely used, particularly in the USA and USSR. This has been made possible by the recent development of equipment capable of the control of precise potentials at high current outputs. It has been applied to protect mild-steel vessels containing sulphuric acid as large as 49 m in diameter and 15 m high, and commercial equipment is available for use with tanks of capacities from 38 000 to 7 600000 litre . A properly designed anodic-protection system has been shown to be both effective and economically viable, but care must be taken to avoid power failure or the formation of local active-passive cells which lead to the breakdown of passivity and intense corrosion. 

The viscosity of natural gums, such as cellulose gums, mannogalactans, seaweed, pectin, locust bean gum, guar gum, and tragacanth has important industrial applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, textile, adhesives, and paint fields. The characteristics of viscosity are related to specific uses and to the economics of the process. 

The chemistry (i.e. the species and reactions included) is the same as described for the ID model. However, here the higher-order silanes Si H2n+2 and silane radicals Si H2,+ i are limited to n < 4 to reduce the computational effort. Thus, SisHy and SiyHg are representative for all silanes with n > 2. The formation of powder (large silane clusters) is not taken into account in this model. The discharge settings for the calculations shown here are a total pressure of 20 Pa, a power input of 250 W m an RF frequency of 50 MHz, and an inlet flow of 30 seem of SiHa and 30 seem of H2. This parameter set is chosen because it results in a situation where most of the silane is consumed in a large reactor. This situation is required for economic reasons in industrial applications. 

As already mentioned, the most important industrial application of homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts is for the enantioselective synthesis of chiral compounds. Today, not only pharmaceuticals and vitamins [3], agrochemicals [4], flavors and fragrances [5] but also functional materials [6, 7] are increasingly produced as enantiomerically pure compounds. The reason for this development is the often superior performance of the pure enantiomers and/or that regulations demand the evaluation of both enantiomers of a biologically active compound before its approval. This trend has made the economical enantioselective synthesis of chiral performance chemicals a very important topic. 

The cost of the catalysts represents a major hurdle on the road to the industrial application of homogeneous catalysis, and in particular for the production of fine chemicals [1, 2], This is particularly true for chiral catalysts that are based on expensive metals, such as rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and palladium, and on chiral ligands that are prepared by lengthy total syntheses, which often makes them more expensive than the metals. In spite of this, the number of large-scale applications for these catalysts is growing. Clearly, these can only be economic if the substrate catalyst ratio (SCR) can be very high, often between 103 and 105. 

Substrate and product inhibition. Few academic researchers are familiar with this phenomenon as they usually mn their hydrogenations at low substrate concentrations and low SCR. However, for industrial applications the space-time yield of a reaction - the amount of product per unit reactor volume per time unit - is quite important. Clearly, the higher the substrate concentration the higher the space-time yield and the more economic the process. More often than not, either substrate or product inhibition becomes a problem when the substrate concentration is increased to 10 wt% or more. 

Marlin and Hrymak (1997) reviewed a number of industrial applications of RTO, mostly in the petrochemical area. They reported that in practice a maximum change in plant operating variables is allowable with each RTO step. If the computed optimum falls outside these limits, you must implement any changes over several steps, each one using an RTO cycle. Typically, more manipulated variables than controlled variables exist, so some degrees of freedom exist to carry out both economic optimization as well as establish priorities in adjusting manipulated variables while simultaneously carrying out feedback control. 

Organic titanate catalysts, 25 124 Organic titanates associations of, 25 74 in industrial applications, 25 120 production and economic aspects of, 25 82-83... 

This limit, which might be referred to as the ultimate tinctorial strength , reflects the maximum degree of dispersion which can be achieved in a particular vehicle system under a certain set of conditions. However, experimental results may deviate more or less from the theoretical concepts and an ideal dispersion is not normally realized not all agglomerates are broken down entirely. This, however, is of no consequence, because even the experimentally determined ultimate tinctorial strength is by no means considered a standard for industrial application technical operations are not always allowed to go to completion, and the dispersion process is often discontinued, mainly for economical reasons. 

Economics alone make this probable, for the present industrial applications of integrated circuitry and solid state electronics derived from the original transistor and solid state science now contribute 100 billions per year to the gross national product directly. Further, many elements of our national security depend on the use of these communication and information processing systems in every phase of command, control and weaponry. 

Lipases can catalyze hydrolysis of esters, synthesis of esters, trans-esterification, and synthesis of some polymers. They have been applied in many fields including the food industry, fine chemistry, and the pharmaceutical industry. The low stability of native lipases makes them unsuitable for industrial applications. In order to use them more economically and efficiently, their operational stability can be improved by immobilization. Numerous efforts have been focused on the preparation of lipases in immobilized forms involving a variety of both support materials and immobilization methods [278],... 

The generation of the required reducing gas is very expensive because natural gas or low sulfur oil are used. Both of these fuels are in short supply and do not offer long-term solutions to the problem. However, in certain industrial processes, like petroleum refineries, a reducing gas could be readily available. Also, if a Claus sulfur recovery plant existed on-site, the concentrated SO2 stream could be sent to the Claus plant where it would mix with the H2S containing gas streams. Final adjustment of the H2S S02 ratio would be necessary. If the overall sulfur balance were favorable, the need for a reducing gas could be avoided. Either of these options could make the use of a recovery process economically attractive for industrial applications. 

Anodic corrosion in case of platinum metals mostly is insignificant or at least small for most anolyte compositions and conditions. But it may be an economic problem for industrial applications. Furthermore, as aforementioned, it can be the reason of cathode poisoning. The corrosion rate of gold, and especially of the less noble metals, is very dependent on the pH value of the anolyte. 

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