Oxygen oxidations with

Oxidation with Oxygen, Nitric Acids, Hydrogen Peroxide, Halogens and Aryidiazonium Salts 

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Benzophenone Process. Benzophenone, (CgH5 )2C=0, reacts with ammonia to form diphenylmethanimine, (CgHg )2C=NH. In the presence of copper catalysts, this is oxidized with oxygen to benzophenone azine, (CgHg )2C=N—N=C(CgHg The formation of the imine and its... 

The process which was developed hy DOW involves cyclodimerization of hutadiene over a proprietary copper-loaded zeolite catalyst at moderate temperature and pressure (100°C and 250 psig). To increase the yield, the cyclodimerization step takes place in a liquid phase process over the catalyst. Selectivity for vinylcyclohexene (VCH) was over 99%. In the second step VCH is oxidized with oxygen over a proprietary oxide catalyst in presence of steam. Conversion over 90% and selectivity to styrene of 92% could he achieved. ... 

Furoic Acid (Coll. Vol. r, 270) Furfural is oxidized with oxygen in the presence of an activator, consisting mainly of silver, in dilute sodium hydroxide solutions. U. S. pat. 2,041,184 [C. A. 30, 4515 (1936)]. 

Fig. 9. Principle of single catalytic bed for simultaneous reduction and oxidation with oxygen sensor and feedback control on air-to-fuel ratio.

Coal with a mean particle size of less than 3 mm is slurried with water and then oxidized with oxygen or mixtures of oxygen and air at temperatures ranging from 100° to 300° C, at partial oxygen pressures ranging from 0.1 to 10 MPa and reaction periods ranging from 5 to 600 minutes [425]. In the absence of catalysts, such as alkaline bases, the main products of oxidation are humic acids. 

However, besides the SCR activity, the selectivity is an important parameter for the assessment of the catalysts. In case of the SCR reaction, the selectivity with respect to both the product nitrogen and the reactant ammonia has to be considered. The product selectivity is important, as side products such as N20 can be formed and the reactant selectivity is important, as ammonia can be converted to nitrogen not only in the SCR reaction but also by the selective catalytic oxidation with oxygen [54],... 

Colorless, reactive gas. Oxygen was not present in the initial atmosphere of the Earth, although at 50 % it is the most common element in the crust of the Earth (oxides, silicates, carbonates, etc.). The compound with hydrogen is remarkable. The hydrides of all other elements are unpleasant compounds, but H20 is the molecule of life. The 02 found in the air today, of which it makes up 20 %, was formed in the process of evolution by photosynthesis of algae, which then also allowed life on solid land. Oxidation with oxygen became and is still the dominant pathway of life forms for obtaining energy (respiration). Used in medicine in critical situations. Oxidations play a key role in chemistry (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, ethylene oxide, etc.). The ozone layer in space protects the Earth from cosmic UV radiation. Ozone (03) is used in the... 

Whereas substitution of the hydrazide ring in luminol leads to complete loss of chemiluminescence capacity 121>, N-methylated linear hydrazides such as 57 a and 57 b were found to exhibit chemiluminescence on oxidation with oxygen in DMSO 120>. 

Certain Schiff bases, i.e. 122, were synthesized as model compounds for Latia luciferin. This compound exhibits strong blue chemiluminescence ( max 385 nm) on oxidation with oxygen in DMSO/potassium t.-butylate, the main products being acetone and 2-formamido pyridine 124. The mechanism suggested by Me Capra and Wrigglesworth includes the concerted bond cleavage of a dioxetane derivative 123. 

Equation 2.4. Oxidation of triphenylphosphine to its oxide with oxygen or a hydroperoxide 2.6.1.2 Alkyldiarylphosphine Formation... 

Luminol derivatives produce emission of light by oxidation with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide under alkaline conditions. By utilizing this reaction, peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides can be determined after HPLC separation. Metal ions [e.g., iron(II), cobalt(II), etc.] catalyzing the luminol CL reaction can also be determined. 

The chemical properties of DPM have been probed with each of the procedures identified earlier. This carbene is known to react with alcohols to give ethers (Kirmse, 1963 Bethell et al., 1965), it adds to olefins non-stereospecifically to form cyclopropanes (Skell, 1959 Baron et al., 1973 Gaspar et al., 1980 Tomioka et al., 1984), and it is rapidly converted to a carbonyl oxide with oxygen (Werstiuk et al., 1984 Casal et al., 1984). 

InTox A process for destroying toxic wastes in aqueous solution by oxidation with oxygen at high temperatures and pressures in a pipe reactor. No catalyst is required. The reactions take place at approximately 300°C and 120 atm. Developed by InTox Corporation, UK, based on a process for extracting aluminum from bauxite developed by Lurgi in the 1960s. See also Zimpro. 

NOC1 + 2Na2C03 = NaN03 + 3NaCl + 2C02 + 2NO or oxidized with oxygen ... 

At greater degrees of reduction, all of the Pr ions are in the trivalent state, and the oxide is in essence an acceptor-doped oxide with oxygen vacancy compensation. Any further reduction must then be accomplished by the transformation of Ce4+ to Ce3+, repeating the previous cycle ... 

When graphitized carbon black was oxidized with oxygen at 420°, no acid groups were formed at all within the usual limits of detection (46). 

The carbons were oxidized with oxygen at 420-450°. CH,N, was used in anhydrous etheric solution. Figures in bold face were obtained using ether saturated with water as... 

The carbons were oxidized with oxygen at 420-450°. Esters were hydrolyzed by... 

In the Koppers-Totzek process, the polarized coal is rapidly partially oxidized with oxygen and steam at essentially atmospheric pressure under slogging con-... 

When cyclohexene is oxidized with oxygen on a Co-zeolite, the major product is cyclohexenyl hydroperoxide together with minor amounts of 1,2-epoxycyclohexane and 2,3-epoxy-l-cyclohexanol [45]. However a combination of Co-zeolite with V0(acac)2 and Ho(CO)g (6/1/1) increases the conversion strongly and the epoxides dominate in the product mixture. 

Mo containing Y zeolites were also tested for cyclohexene oxidation with oxygen as oxidant and t-butyl hydroperoxide as initiator [86]. In this case the selectivity for cyclohexene oxide was maximum 50%, 2-cyclohexene-l-ol and 2-cyclohexene-l-one being the main side products. The proposed reaction scheme involves a free radical chain mechanism with intermediate formation of cyclohexenyl hydroperoxide. Coordination of the hydroperoxide to Mo + in the zeolite and oxygen transfer from the resulting complex to cyclohexene is believed to be the major step for formation of cyclohexene oxide under these conditions. 

Many enzymic reactions have high negative AG° values, for example glycosyl or peptide bond hydrolysis reactions in aqueous media, oxidations with oxygen as substrate etc. Some thermodynamic data of industrially applied enzymic reactions are described by Bmns and Schulze (1962), Tewari (1990) and Biselli, Kragl and Wandrey (1995). 

Lewis, R. S., and W. M. Deen, Kinetics of the Reaction of Nitric Oxide with Oxygen in Aqueous Solutions, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 7, 568-574 (1994). 

Preparation,— , By the union of nitric oxide with oxygen (see above). 

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