Hydrogen Economic data

Production of olefins Br if-PARAfTiN i hydrogenation. Economic data (France conditions, mid-1986)... 

The corresponding German plant at Neunburg vorm Wald in Southern Germany (Fig. 15.13) is set to produce 500 kW and is likely by the year 2000 to be the demonstration plant from which the most economic data on the production of solar hydrogen will have been obtained. The plant is still small and its production is less than 0.1% of that of a commercially operating nuclear power plant. 

As is explained in Reference 1, investment and operating cost data for various hydrogen manufacturing processes were provided for this study by Chem Systems, Inc., New York, New York. These economics data were developed using identical methods and assumptions, thereby permitting side-by-side comparisons of the several processes. 

Table 1.2 lists miscellaneous economic data pertaining to the purification of hydrogen by adsorption, cryogenics and penn tion. 

Hydrogen purification, separation op hydrocarbc [Pg.26]

Tables l.I2a and 2.12b offer a variety of economic data concerning the production of hydrogen from different feedstocks, as ell as that of synthesis gas in an H CO molar ratio ranging from 1 1 to 3 1. In fact, the techniques employed to produce pure hydrogen can be exploited to adapt the composition of Hj/CO gas mixtures, so as to use them in specific conversions like those giving rise to certain alcohols (see Sections 9.3 and 9.4) by olefin hydroformylation. Table 1.12c gives details about processes for the elimination of add gases obtained starting with natural gas and coal.

Operations involving the distillation of hydrocarbons and the hydrogenation of acety lene impurities can be combined in different ways. The final decision depends on the pyrolysis feedstock, the degree of recovery desired for the different products, and economic data. Figure 117 offers au illustration of a classic system. The effluents, which make up a combined liquid/gas phase, are sent to a demethanizer normally operating at a piessme of about 3.2.10 Pa, and where the methane is condensed at the cop around — lOO C... 

Tables 3.10, 3.11 and 3.12 provide economic data on techniques for the selective hydrogenation of butadiene contained in a C4 cut, on the processes for the separation and manufacture of isobutene, and on those relative to the production of n-butenes.

Tables 4.16 a, b and 4.16 c provide some economic data on the isomerizatioD processes employing noble metal base catalysts, and on techniques operating in the absence of hydrogen, including the Manizen process in particular, for which only data concerning the crystailization/isomerizadon unit are usually available.

The detailed economic analyses were based on three distinct systems for which cost and economic data were available. These data may or may not be representative of the costs and systems within each category. These three systems represent a small neighborhood ( 20 kg/day), a small public space ( 100 kg/day), and apublic space size ( I (MX) kg/day). In this analysis, the hydrogen selling prices for the United States or Europe were US 19.0/kg of H2 for the small neighborhood size, US 8.0/kg of H2 for the small public space size, and US 4.0/kg of H2 for the open space size. 

Hydrogen chloride formed during the chlorination of methane must be oxidized to chlorine, either in the oxychlorination of methane478 or in a separate Deacon-type operation to allow the process to become economical. This is still difficult to achieve. Existing data also show that formation of higher chlorinated methane derivatives is often also a difficulty of the reaction.479-481 These difficulties can be minimized by using bromine in the catalytic oxidative conversion process. 

Based on our best laboratory data, an economic evaluation of the process showed that it would not be profitable. Earlier studies had shown the opposite. These were based on two optimistic assumptions which were not borne out experimentally (1) that a suitable lignin for hydrogenation could be obtained from spent liquor by a simple autoclaving step, and (2) that the yield of monophenols would be about 40% based on the lignin. Thus, in the economic study, using a more expensive lignin raw material from which lower monophenol yields could be obtained resulted in a poor economic picture. 

---