Eastern Mediterranean Sea

Mean tar concentrations on the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean Sea ranged from 884 to 4388 g m in 1975-76 (27). Chemical analyses indicated that 76% of the tar on Israeli beaches was weathered crude, 96% of it from Middle Eastern sources (28). Concentrations of tar on the beaches of Lebanon and Turkey appeared to be much lower than those at Alexandria, Egypt and Paphos, Cyprus, as a consequence of the orientation of these beaches relative to a site in the eastern Mediterranean Sea where dumping of oily sludge was permitted (27). 

FIGURE 22 Obsidian in the eastern Mediterranean Sea area. Studying the relative concentration of trace elements in obsidian makes it possible to identify the obsidian and to determine its provenance. Determining the relative amounts of barium and zirconium in ancient obsidian tools and in samples from different sources of the natural glass, for example, made it possible to identify the provenance of obsidian used in eastern Mediterranean Sea area sites (Renfrew and Dixon 1976). 

Sciare J, Bardouki H, Moulin C, Mihalopoulos N (2003) Aerosol sources and their contribution to the chemical composition of aerosols in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Atmos Chem Phys 3 291-302... 

Sciare, I, Oikonomou, K., Cachier, H., Mihalopoulos, N., Andreae, M. O., Maenhaut, W., and Sarda-Esteve, R. (2005). Aerosol mass closure and reconstruction of the light scattering coefficient over the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during the MINOS campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 56, 2253-2265. 

Milliman J. D. and Muller J. (1973) Precipitation and lithification of magnesian calcite in the deep-sea sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Sedimentology 20, 29-45. 

Krom, M.D., Brenner, S., Kress, N., Neori, A., and Gordon, L.I. (1992) Nutrient dynamics and new production in a warm-core eddy from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 39, 467-480. 

Kouvarakis, G., Mihalopoulos, N., Tselepidis, A., and Stavrakis, S. (2001). On the importance of atmospheric inputs of inorganic nitrogen species on the productivity of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15(4), 805-817. 

Rees, A. P., Law, C. S., and Woodward, E. M. S. (2006). High rates of nitrogen fixation during an in-situ phosphate release experiment in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geophys. R s. Lett. 33, doi 10.1029/2006GL025791. 

Ocean basin. Similarly higher rates of N2 fixation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea were recorded during peak stratification (Bar-Zeev et al. 2008), thus it seems water column dynamics play an important role in bloom formation and sustenance. 

Struck, U., Emeis, K. C., Voss, M, Krom, M. D., and Rau, G. H. (2001). Biological productivity during sapropel S5 formation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Evidence from stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon. Geochim. Et Cosmochim. Acta 65(19), 3249—3266. 

Rinna J., Warning B., Meyers P. A., Brumsack H.-J., and Rullkotter J. (2002) Combined organic and inorganic geochemical reconstruction of paleodepositional conditions of a Pliocene sapropel from the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66, 1969-1986. 

Van Santvoort P. J. M., de Lange G. J., Thomson J., Cussen H., Wilson T. R. S., Krom M. D., and Strohle K. (1996) Active post-depositional oxidation of the most recent sapropel (SI) in sediments of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 4007-4024. 

Weldeab S., Emeis K., Hemleben C., and Siebel W. (2002) Provenance of lithogenic surface sediments and pathways of riverine suspended matter in the eastern Mediterranean Sea ... 

The European lobster Homarus vulgaris) is a closely related species, occurring in temperate waters of western Europe. This species is considerably smaller than the American lobster. The Norwegian lobster or scampi (Nephrops norvegicus) is an even smaller lobster that ranges from the Norwegian coast to the Adriatic coast in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. 

Chester, R., Baxter, G.G., Behairy, A.K.A., Connor, K., Cross, D., Elderfield, H. and Padgham, R.C. (1977) Soil-sized eolian dusts from the lower troposphere of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Geology, 24, 201-217. 

Karabashev, G., Evdoshenko, M. and Sheberstov, S. (2002) Penetration of coastal waters into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea using the SeaWiFS data. Oceanologica Acta, 25, 31-38. 

Kress, N. and Herut, B. (2001) Spatial and seasonal evolution of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean Sea) chemical characterisation of the water masses and inferences on the N P ratios. Deep-Sea Research I, 48, 2347-2372. 

Lascaratos, A., Roether, W., Nittis, K. and Klein, B. (1999) Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in die eastern Mediterranean Sea a review. Progress in Oceanography, 44, 5—36. 

Li, W.K.W., Zohary, T., Yacobi, Y.Z. and Wood, A.M. (1993) Ultraphytoplankton in the eastern Mediterranean Sea towards deriving phytoplankton biomass from flow cytometric measurements of abundance, fluorescence and light scatter. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 102, 79—97. 

Vidussi, F., Claustre, H., Manca, B.B., Luchetta, A. and Marty, J.-C. (2001) Phytoplankton pigment distribution in relation to upper thermocline circulation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea during winter. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 19939-19956. 

Haese R.R., Meile C., Van Cappellen P., De Lange G.J. (2003) Carbon geochemistry of cold seeps Methane fluxes and transformation in sediments from Kazan mud volcano, eastern Mediterranean Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212, pp. 361-375... 

After this time, plague became established in the countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea.2 In 430 bc, Sparta won the Peloponnesian War partly because of the plague of Athens.3 Some scholars believe that this was the bubonic plague, but others suggest that it may have been due to other bacterial or viral diseases.4... 

Sutherland H. E., Calvert S. E. and Morris R. J. (1984) Geochemical studies of the recent sapropel and associated sediment fiom the Hellenic outer ridge. Eastern Mediterranean Sea. I Mineralogy and chemical composition. Mar. Geol. 56, 79-92. 

Fig. 1.3 Jules C. Dumont d Urville (1790-1842) was a French naval officer and navigator who led the French Naval Expedition to Antarctica from 1837 to 1840. He was an experienced explorer who had worked in the eastern Mediterranean Sea followed by two expeditions to map the coasts of Australia and New Zealand and to map variations of the magnetic field in the South Pacific euid the Southern Ocean. He used two ships (Astrolabe and Zelee) in eui attempt to find the magnetic pole in Antarctica Although he failed to achieve that objective, he named Adelie Land along the coast of East Antarctica after his wife and discovered two large islands off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula (Photo by the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, used here with permission)...

R. V. Grace, Oceanic Debris Observations in the Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary and Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Report to International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee SC/46/0, Puerto VaUarta, Mexico, 1994. 

Suez Canal opens The canal, 101 miles long, took a decade to build and connects the Red Sea with the eastern Mediterranean Sea. 

Asgaard, U. and Bromley, R.G. (1990) Colonization by micromorph brachiopods in the shallow subtidal of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. In MacKinnon, Lee, and Campbell (eds) Brachiopods Through Time (Rotterdam A.A. Balkema), pp. 261-264. 

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