EASE

MAIN PROGRAM AND DRIVER FOR FITTING BINARY VLF DATA USING METHOD EASED ON THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHCOO PRINCIPLE ONLY CONTROL VARIABLES APE READ IN THIS ROUTINE. 

If inert material is to be added, then ease of separation is an important consideration. For example, steam is added as an inert to hydrocarbon cracking reactions and is an attractive material in this respect because it is easily separated from the hydrocarbon components by condensation. If the reaction does not involve any change in the number of moles, inert material has no effect on equilibrium conversion. 

Bucherer reaction Bucherer discovered that the interconversion of 2-naphthol and 2-naphthylamine through the action of alkali and ammonia could be facilitated if the reaction was carried out in the presence of (HSO3]" at about 150 C. This reaction is exceptional for the ease with which an aromatic C —OH bond is broken. It is not of general application, it is probable that the reaction depends upon the addition of [HSO3]" to the normally unstable keto-form of 2-naphthol, and subsequent displacement of —OH by —NH2. 

The various sulphonamides differ in their specificity to various bacteria and in their ease of absorption and excretion. They are bacteriostatic (inhibiting growth) and not bactericidal, acting by allowing the natural body mechanisms to destroy the bacteria. 

The advantages of this method are its rapidity (maximum duration, 70 min), the small quantity of sample required (1 pi), and its ease of automation. 

Thermal conductivity is expressed in W/(m K) and measures the ease in which heat is transmitted through a thin layer of material. Conductivity of liquids, written as A, decreases in an essentially linear manner between the triple point and the boiling point temperatures. Beyond a reduced temperature of 0.8, the relationship is not at all linear. For estimation of conductivity we will distinguish two cases < )... 

The spectroscopic methods, NMR and mass spectrometry for predicting cetane numbers have been established from correlations of a large number of samples. The NMR of carbon 13 or proton (see Chapter 3) can be employed. In terms of ease of operation, analysis time (15 minutes), accuracy of prediction (1.4 points average deviation from the measured number), it is... 

The additives for improving the cetane number, called pro-cetane, are particularly unstable oxidants, the decomposition of which generates free radicals and favors auto-ignition. Two families of organic compounds have been tested the peroxides and the nitrates. The latter are practically the only ones being used, because of a better compromise between cost-effectiveness and ease of utilization. The most common are the alkyl nitrates, more specifically the 2-ethyl-hexyl nitrate. Figure 5.12 gives an example of the... 

All the parameters discussed above are needed to calculate the volume of hydrocarbons in the reservoir. The formation permeability is a measure of the ease with which fluids can pass through the reservoir, and hence is needed for estimating well productivity, reservoir performance and hydrocarbon recovery. 

The ease with which small gas bubbles can escape from the liquid phase is determined by the liquid viscosity higher viscosities imply longer residence times. Typical residence times vary from, some 3 minutes for a light crude to up to 20 minutes for very heavy crudes. 

Providing the land surfaoe above a reservoir is relatively flat, it is generally cheaper to drill and maintain a vertical well than to access a reservoir from a location that requires a deviated borehole. In unpopulated areas such as desert or jungle looations It is common to find that the pattern of wellheads at surface closely reflects the pattern In which wells penetrate the reservoir. However, in many eases constraints will be planed on drill site availability as a result of housing, environmental concerns or topography. In such conditions wells may be drilled in clusters from one or a number of sites as elose as possible to the surface location of the reservoir. 

One way of proceeding is shown in the flow diagram of figure 2 for the ease of = 8, P = 3. The operation labeled PERMUTE rearranges the sequence of data. The /th member is placed into theyth position where] is calculated from i as follows... 

An idea of investigation of AE response of the material to different types of loads and actions seems to be useful for building up a dynamic model of the material. In this ease AE is representing OUT data, and it is possible to take various AE parameters for this purpose. It is possible to consider a single AE pulse in time or frequency domain or AE pulses sequence as... 

This work presents the theoretieal results and their experimental verifications concerning two possible methods for predicting the material discontinuities shape and severity. The methods are developed for the case of the eddy current transducer with orthogonal coils, for two situations for long crack-tjfpe discontinuities, a metod based on the geometrical diffraction has been used, while in the ease of short discontinuities the holographic method is prefered. 

An other worst case for the projection technique used is the ease if corrosion is on both sides of the wall in the double wall penetration. Then by the nature of the double wall penetration it is only possible to determine the integral material loss in the penetrating direction without any possibility to distinguish the side on which the erosion can be found. 

In both cases special probes were designed and manufactured For the first ease a special probe which fits geometrically exactly to the contour of the turbine blade and in the other case a combined transducer system was developed which enables a continuous measurement of... 

It is to be taken into account that there is a difference between ultrasonic and radiography defect imaging, so the ultrasonic image recognition knowledge required for the person interpreting the inspection results. The ISONIC postprocessing mode allows to ease sueh interpretation because it s maximally approached to inspection standards. 

To support them, therefore, immense activities are prompted both in pubh c private sectors with increasing importance on NDT. The particular application of radiography using Ir-192 isotopes for industrial production, construction maintenance of industries, power plants, oil and gas pipelines plants, railway, aviation systems, naval structures and vessels, etc is currently in the fore front for its reliabih ly, ease of application record keeping advantages. 

Often the van der Waals attraction is balanced by electric double-layer repulsion. An important example occurs in the flocculation of aqueous colloids. A suspension of charged particles experiences both the double-layer repulsion and dispersion attraction, and the balance between these determines the ease and hence the rate with which particles aggregate. Verwey and Overbeek [44, 45] considered the case of two colloidal spheres and calculated the net potential energy versus distance curves of the type illustrated in Fig. VI-5 for the case of 0 = 25.6 mV (i.e., 0 = k.T/e at 25°C). At low ionic strength, as measured by K (see Section V-2), the double-layer repulsion is overwhelming except at very small separations, but as k is increased, a net attraction at all distances... 

The kinetics of reactions in which a new phase is formed may be complicated by the interference of that phase with the ease of access of the reactants to each other. This is the situation in corrosion and tarnishing reactions. Thus in the corrosion of a metal by oxygen the increasingly thick coating of oxide that builds up may offer more and more impedance to the reaction. Typical rate expressions are the logarithmic law,... 

As a somewhat anecdotal aside, there has been an interesting question as to whether gold is or is not wet by water, with many publications on either side. This history has been reviewed by Smith [119]. The present consensus seems to be that absolutely pure gold is water-wet and that the reports of non wetting are a documentation of the ease with which gold surface becomes contaminated (see Ref. 120, but also 121). The detection and control of surface contaminants has been discussed by White [121] see also Gaines [122]. 

The Kronig-Peimey solution illustrates that, for periodic systems, gaps ean exist between bands of energy states. As for the ease of a free eleetron gas, eaeh band ean hold 2N eleetrons where N is the number of wells present. In one dimension, tliis implies that if a well eontains an odd number, one will have partially occupied bands. If one has an even number of eleetrons per well, one will have fully occupied energy bands. This distinetion between odd and even numbers of eleetrons per eell is of fiindamental importanee. The Kronig-Penney model implies that erystals with an odd number of eleetrons per unit eell are always metallie whereas an even number of eleetrons per unit eell implies an... 

Metals are fiindamentally different from insulators as they possess no gap in the excitation spectra. Under the influence of an external field, electrons can respond by readily changing from one k state to another. The ease by which the ground-state configuration is changed accounts for the high conductivity of metals. 

The existence of intennolecular interactions is apparent from elementary experimental observations. There must be attractive forces because otherwise condensed phases would not fomi, gases would not liquefy, and liquids would not solidify. There must be short-range repulsive interactions because otherwise solids and liquids could be compressed to much smaller volumes with ease. The kernel of these notions was fomuilated in the late eighteenth century, and Clausius made a clear statement along the lines of this paragraph as early as 1857 [1]. 

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