Dyes, organic leather dyeing

Uses. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is of interest in chemical and related industries where low toxicity and minimal environmental impact are important (134). For many years tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol has been used as a specialty organic solvent. The fastest growing appHcations are in formulations for cleaners (135) and paint strippers (136), often as a replacement for chlorinated solvents (137). Other major appHcations include formulations for crop sprays, water-based paints, and the dyeing and finishing of textiles and leathers. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol also finds appHcation as an intermediate in pharmaceutical appHcations. 

Uses Preparation of 3,4-dichloroaniline solvent for a wide variety of organic compounds and for oxides of nonferrous metals solvent carrier in products of toluene diisocyanate intermediate for dyes fumigant insecticide for termites degreasing hides and wool metal polishes degreasing agent for metals, wood, and leather industrial air control disinfectant heat transfer medium. 

Cationic dyes were the first synthetic organic dyes employed for dyeing leather, initially for dyeing of vegetable-tanned leather. Currently, brilliant cationic dyes are used for enhancing the brilliance of the shades obtained with 1 2 metal-complex dyes. 

Commercial solvent dyes for leather are employed in a great variety of solvents. It is common practice to use mixed solvents to obtain the requisite physical properties. They are also applied to correct off-shade dyeings and improve the brilliance of shades. Alcohols or glycols are the most common solvents but esters and ketones are also convenient. The colors are normally applied to dyed or undyed tanned leather by spraying from solvent solution or aqueous/organic emulsions. Nowadays, water-based finish recipes, which are combinations of sol-... 

Synthetic dyes are mainly aromatic organic compounds, and they can be classified as cationic (basic dyes), anionic (direct, acid, and reactive dyes), or nonionic (disperse dyes) type [134]. Synthetic dyes are mainly used in the textile industries, but they have many other applications such as in printing, leather, papermaking, drug, and food industries [85]. Total world colorant production is estimated to be... 

Technical Observations. The cotton black described above is the most widely used direct black in the dye industry. It is used in dyeing all organic materials, such as cotton, half-wool, leather, etc. The dye is prepared in the largest azo dye instal-... 

Applications Sodium hydrogen sulfide is mainly used in the paper industry, for ore flotation, in dye chemistry, in the leather industry for hair removal and in the synthesis of organic chemicals. The 1994 USA production of sodium hydrogen sulfide was ca. 100 10 t/a. 

Titanium tetrachloride is used as an intermediate in the production of titanium metal, titanium dioxide, and titanium chloride pigments, as a polymerization catalyst, in the manufacture of iridescent glass and faux pearls, and with ammonia to produce smoke screens. It is also used as a catalyst in many organic syntheses in the chemical industry. Titanium tetrachloride was formerly used with potassium bitartrate as a mordant in the textile industry, and with dye-woods in dyeing leather. 

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