Colorants world production

Instant tea is manufactured in the United States, Japan, Kenya, Chile, Sri Lanka, India, and China. Production and consumption in the United States is greater than in the rest of the world. World production capacity of instant teas depends on market demand but is in the range of 8,000 to 11,000 t/yr (3). The basic process for manufacture of instant tea as a soluble powder from dry tea leaf includes extraction, concentration, and drying. In practice, the process is considerably more compHcated because of the need to preserve the volatile aroma fraction, and produce a product which provides color yet is soluble in cold water, all of which are attributes important to iced tea products (88). 

The coffee plant is a relatively small tree or shmb belonging to the family Rubiaceae. It is often controlled to a height of 3 to 5 meters. Coffea arabica (milds) accounts for 69% of world production Coffea canephora (robustas), 30% and Coffea liberica and others, 1%. Each of these species includes several varieties. After the spring rains the plant produces white flowers. About sis months later the flowers are replaced by fmit approximately the size of a small cherry, hence they are called cherry. The fmit on a tree can include underripe, ripe (red, yellow, and purple color), and overripe cherries. It can be selectively picked (ripe only) or strip picked (predominantly ripe plus some underripe and overripe). 

Domestic consumption of selenium in 1981 exceeded 453,000 kg. About 50% was used in electronic and copier components, 22% in glass manufacturing, 20% in chemicals and pigments, and 8% miscellaneous (Cleveland et al. 1993). In 1987, world production of selenium was about 1.4 million kg (USPHS 1996). In 1986, 46% of the global selenium produced was used in the semiconductor and photoelectric industries 27% in the glass industry to counter coloration impurities from iron 14% in pigments and 13% in medicine, in antidandruff shampoos, as catalysts in... 

Titanium dioxide is a large industrial commodity with world production over 4,000,000 tons but only a very small proportion is used as a food colorant. Commercial Ti02 is produced from the mineral ilmanite, which occurs in three crystalline forms, but the only one approved for food use is synthetic anatase. Anatase occurs in nature but only the synthetic version is approved because it contains fewer impurities.41... 

Iron (III) oxide exists in mineral form as hematite. It is 70% iron and is the primary source of iron ore in the world. About 90% of the iron mined in the United States is hematite. World production of this ore is more than 1 billion tons. Magnetite and taconite are two other primary iron oxide minerals used as iron ore. The name hematite comes from the blood-red color of powdered hematite. The Greek word hematite means blood-like. Some ancients held the belief that hematite was formed in areas where batdes were fought and blood was spilled into the earth. Large deposits of hematite have been identified on Mars. 

Wang et al., 1997) and anticancer properties (Karaivanova et al., 1990 Kamei et al., 1995). Anthocyanins have also found considerable potential in the food industry as safe and effective food colorants (Strack and Wray, 1994) interest in this application has increased in recent years. In 1980, the annual world production had been estimated as reaching 10,000 tons from grapes alone (Timberlake, 1980). Quantitative and qualitative anthocyanin composition are important factors in determining the feasibility of the use of new plant materials as anthocyanin-based colorant sources. 

Artificial silk was first produced from cotton waste in the early 1900s. Three Englishmen are credited with discovering how to produce viscose (rayon) from a cellulose solution using wood and woody materials. During World War I, this process was used to make guncotton (by nitrating the cellulose) and other explosives. The rayon was also used as artificial silk. Special dyes, now known as acid dyes, had to be developed to color this product. 

Technical Observations Alizarin was the first naturally occurring coloring matter which was successfully prepared synthetically on a commercial scale. This synthesis was a triumph for the then young coal-tar dye industry, and for a long time alizarin was its most important product. The world production of alizarin (as 100 per cent material) was about 2,800,000 kilograms yearly, of which the Badische A.S.F. supplied 2,000,000 kilograms. In more recent times, the consumption of alizarin has been greatly reduced as a result of the competition of more easily applied red dyes of the azo series, especially some of the equally fast naphthol AS combinations. 

Figure 4. World production of sesame seed (1990-2003). (This figure is available in full color at http //www.mnv.interscience.wiley.com/biofp)...

The main purpose of bleaching is to increase the whiteness and the cleanliness of the libers to obtain better contrast and color reproduction in printing together with improved paper machine runnability. Other important fiber properties such as water absorbancy can also be changed dramatically. The World production of fully bleached... 

Anthocyanins have a considerable potential in the food industry as safe and effective food additives. Their annual world production has been estimated to reach 10,000 tons from grapes alone. However, compared with synthetic colorants they have not been extensively used because of their instability towards a variety of chemical and physical factors. Notwithstanding, polyacylated anthocyanins display a marked stability which may prove to be of particular importance for food technology [33],... 

In 1998, the world production of inorganic pigments was approximately 5.3 million tonnes, representing a value of about 15 billions. BCMA (the British Colour Makers Association) estimates the economic value of downstream colored industrial products using inorganic pigments as approaching 500 billions per armum. 

---