Drying oil production

Natural soybean oil is too viscous and reactive to atmospheric oxygen to be used in many biobased product applications. These limitations must be overcome for soybean oil to be used in fuels, cosmetics, and lubricants, but on the other hand, soybean oil is not sufficiently reactive to be used in most paints and coatings. Important end-use categories for which economic data exist include fatty acids, paints and varnishes, resins and plastics, drying-oil products, and other industrial products. Coating vehicles (paints and varnishes) and epoxidized oils (resins and plastics) comprise 50% of... 

Most drying-oil products no longer use significant amounts of soybean oil, so economic and market data are difficult to find. The market is dominated by petrochemicals because of better performance properties. Consumption of soybean oil in all other drying oil products peaked at 4,900 MT (5,400 t) in 1954 and declined to 1,600 MT (1,800 t) by 1978. Usage of soybean oil in linoleum and oil cloth peaked at 13,000 MT (14,000 t) in 1948, equivalent to 20% of total fats and oils in linoleum and oil cloth, and declined to 408 MT (450 t) by 1957. The direct use of drying oils accounted for only 4% of the total film formers consumed in the United States in 1990. 

One of the directions of piperylene application is cationic oligomerization for production of liquid rubber - the base of synthetic drying oil of SKOP brand. Use of piperylene hydrocarbon fraction as feed stock for synthetic drying oil production allows solving the problem of isoprene production by-product utilization and reducing consumption of plant oils in paintwork and other industry branches [206,241, 242]. 

The drying oil production facility shown in Figure B.4.1. Appendix B. 

Examine the reaction network and the reaction kinetics for drying oil production in Appendix ,... 

CH2=CHC = CCH = CH2. a colourless liquid which turns yellow on exposure to the air it has a distinct garlic-like odour b.p. 83-5°C. Manufactured by the controlled, low-temperature polymerization of acetylene in the presence of an aqueous solution of copper(I) and ammonium chlorides. It is very dangerous to handle, as it absorbs oxygen from the air to give an explosive peroxide. When heated in an inert atmosphere, it polymerizes to form first a drying oil and finally a hard, brittle insoluble resin. Reacts with chlorine to give a mixture of chlorinated products used as drying oils and plastics. 

In high permeability reservoirs, wells may produce dry oil for a limited time following a shut-in period, during which gravity forces have segregated oil and water near the wellbore. In fields with more production potential than production capacity, wells can be alternately produced and shut in (intermittentproduction) to reduce the field water cut. This may still be an attractive option at reduced rates very late in field life, if redundant facilities can be decommissioned to reduce operating costs. 

Drying oils. Place 3 ml. of hnseed oil in a test-tube, add about 01 g. of Utharge and boil the mixture gently for 10 minutes. When cold, pour a httle of the product on a watch glass and spread the oil into a thin film with the aid of a smah piece of paper. Pour a little of the untreated hnseed oil on another watch glass and spread it out as a thin film. Compare the times taken for the films to become dry. 

In a 1 htre round bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser place a solution of 62 -5 g. of anhydroas sodium carbonate in 500 ml. of water and add 50 g. of commercial 2 4-dinitro-l-chlorobenzene. Reflux the mixture for 24 hours or until the oil passes into solution. Acidify the yellow solution with hj drochloric acid and, when cold, filter the crystaUine dinitrophenol which has separated. Dry the product upon filter paper in the air. The yield is 46 g. If the m.p, differs appreciably from 114°, recrystallisc from alcohol or from water. 

Phthalylacetic acid. Heat a mixture of 30 g. of phthalic anhydride, 40 ml. of acetic anhydride and 5 g. of potassium acetate under reflux in an oil bath at 155-165° for 15 minutes. Pour the reaction mixture into ice-cold water, collect the yellow precipitate by suction filtration, wash it three times with 25 ml. of water and once with 10 ml. of 50 per cent, ethanol. Dry the. product at 100° the yield of crude plithalylaeetie acid is 20 g. Recrystallise from hot methanol yellow needles, m.p. 245-246°, are obtained. 

Citric acid is used in carbonated beverages to provide tartness, modify and enhance flavors, and chelate trace metals. It is often added to jams and jellies to control pH and provide tartness. It is used in cured and freeze-dried meat products to protect the amino acids (qv) and improve water retention. Bakers use it to improve the flavor of fmit fillings in baked goods. Because citric acid is a good chelator for trace metals, it is used as an antioxidant synergist in fats and oils, and as a preservative in frozen fish and shellfish (7) (see Antioxidaisits). 

When heated with small amounts of iodine, rosins, taU. oil, and other wood products are converted to more stable forms (135,136). Iodine has been used with some tin salts as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of coal (qv) and its distillation products (137,138), and has been recommended as a catalyst for the production of drying oils (qv) from unsaturated animal fats (139,140). 

Other Derivatives and Applications. Copolymerization of DCPD with other unsaturated substances has received wide attention, and several useful appHcations have been developed. With drying oils (qv) thermal copolymerization leads to the production of resinous products, the so-called bodied oils, that give improved drying and result in paint and varnish coatings of greater resistance to weathering. 

The products of these reactions with maleic anhydride, termed maleated oils, react with polyols to give moderate mol wt derivatives that dry faster than the unmodified oils. For example, maleated, esterified soybean oil is a drying oil with a drying rate comparable to that of a bodied linseed oil with a similar viscosity. Maleated linseed oil can be converted to a water-dilutable form by hydrolysis with aqueous ammonium hydroxide to convert the anhydride groups to ammonium salts of the diacid. Such products have not found significant commercial use, but similar reactions with alkyds and epoxy esters are used on a large scale to make water-dilutable derivatives. 

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