Dryer references

Note The spelling dryer refers to equipment used for drying (of paper, textiles, food products, etc.). 

One-stage spray dryer Reference value Nonagglomerated (=0.2 mm) Wide size distribution Significant fraction of fines... 

Nonstabilized foams are referred to as froths froth-bonded fabrics are similar in properties to some saturation-bonded nonwovens. Typical foams used as nonwoven binder solutions have a consistency similar to shaving cream. AppHcation methods include knife-edge layering onto a horizontal web surface followed by vacuum penetration, and saturation and penetration of a vertical web surface using a horizontal-nip pad. Drying and curing is carried out in ovens, dmm dryers, or steam cans. 

Processing line, upstream Refers to material movement and auxiliary equipment (dryer, mixer/blender, storage bins, etc.) that exist prior to plastic entering the main fabricating machine such as the extruder. 

The heat transfer data discussed above refer only to the average behavior of a vial of a given type which is surrounded by other vials in a hexagonal packing array of vials. We now consider intervial variations in heat transfer in a set of nominally equivalent vials and variations in heat transfer arising from variations in the position of the vial in the array. An experiment demonstrating such variations is described by Figure 35. Each circle represents a vial placed on a temperature-controlled shelf in a small laboratory freeze dryer. The vials contained pure... 

Eabric softeners can be applied in different ways. The dominating types of products are the rinse cycle softeners, which are liquid aqueous dispersions. The softener may also be introduced as tumble dryer sheets, a practice that is relatively common in the United States but not in Europe. A smaller but growing use of the softener product is as softener-containing detergents, sometimes referred to as softergents. 

AREA Loading freeze dryer Room No. (Class WO) Reference sampling point Loading freeze dryer Room No. Class (100/1000) Reference sampling point Solution Room Room No. (Class 100) Reference sampling point Sterilization tunnel Room No. (Class 100) Reference sampling point ... 

Thermoplasticity of lactose. Unless certain precautions are taken during the drying of whey or other solutions containing high concentrations of lactose, the hot, semi-dry powder may adhere to the metal surfaces of the dryer, forming deposits. This phenomenon is referred to as thermoplasticity. The principal factors influencing the temperature at which thermoplasticity occurs ( sticking temperature ) are the concentrations of lactic acid, amorphous lactose and moisture in the whey powder. 

The flow pattern is such that a cocurrent spray dryer must be relatively long and small in diameter (Fig. 2), whereas a countercurrent dryer is shorter and larger in diameter. A third type, sometimes referred to as a mixed-flow dryer (Fig. 3), uses an air pattern similar to a cyclone collector, i.e., the spray is introduced at the upcoming air stream (countercurrent) and the particles transfer to the air sweeping the wall (cocurrent). 

Once the conditions for making a processible catalyst slurry were established, microspheres were generated using the reference formula with and without the different alumina powders. Table II summarizes particle size distributions for typical commercial FCC and our experimental catalysts. Two commercial samples (Catalysts V and VI) had particle sizes much higher than we could produce with our spray dryer. However, the size distributions of the experimental catalysts approximate those of the other four commercial grades. 

Rotary dryers have been classified as direct, indirect-direct, indirect, and special types. The terms refer to the method of heat transfer, being direct when heat is added to or removed from the sohds by direct exchange between flowing gas and solids and being indirect when the heating medium is separated from physical contact with the solids by a metal wall or tube. 

Several typical products dried in pneumatic conveyors are described in Table 12-34. The air-stream type referred to is an ordinary single-stage dryer like the first stage of Fig. 12-94. 

The package plant instrument specification details the instrumentation requirements and standards to be applied to any equipment packages. Typical equipment packages include Water for Injection (WEI) systems, chiller packages, gas scrubber packages, tablet presses, packaging machines, freeze dryers, autoclaves, and so on. Each specification should contain, or provide detailed reference to, the following information ... 

Air at 50°C with a dew point of 4°C enters a textile dryer at a rate of 11.3 mVmin and leaves saturated. The drver operates adiabatically. Use the psychrometric chart to determine the absolute humidity and humid volume of the entering air, and then use the results to determine the flow rate of dry air (kg/min) through the dryer, the final temperature of the air, and the rate (kg/min) at which water is evaporated in the dryer. (Hint Refer to Section 8.4e.)... 

S. Kowalski, T.J. Held, Y.S. Stein and F.L. Dryer, Reactivity of an 87 Octane Number Blend of the Primary Reference Fuels with Added Nitric Oxide, Paper No. WSSCI 92-91, Presented at the Fall Meeting of the Western States Section of The Combustion Institute (Berkeley, California, October 1992). 

On-line moisture detection for a microwave vacuum dryer was the topic of a publication by White [16]. The paper described a method for determining the moisture endpoint in a microwave dryer using NIR spectroscopy. White s calibration equation used NIR absorbances measured at 1410, 1930, and 1630 nm. The NIR-predicted results were within 1% of the Karl Fischer reference values for samples with less than 6% moisture, providing a standard error of prediction (SEP) of... 

The approach in this section is lagrangian i.e., the model is for a drying object (particle, drop, sheet, etc.) as it moves through the drying process in time. More complicated models can use a eulerian frame of reference by simulating the dryer with material moving into and out of the dryer. 

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