Dry roasting

Nut Products. Peanut products iaclude peanut flour, Hpoproteia, proteia, milk, and partially defatted peanuts (109). Pecan butter is made from dry roasted meats, ground to a very fine state, and mixed with salt (2% of final weight), hydrogenated fat (1.5%), and the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (131). 

A protocol approved by the FDA to determine the safety of low gossypol cottonseed kernels for human consumption was the basis for the second study by Reber (7 ). To prepare raw cottonseed flour, raw kernels were ground to meet Ro-tap sieve specifications of lab chow. To prepare roasted cottonseed flour, raw kernels were dry roasted at not less than 121°C for not less than 5 min. To prepare cooked cottonseed flour, raw kernels were cooked in steam until batch temperature had been at or above 121°C for 5 min. All cottonseed kernels were ground in the manner described above. The kernels contained not more than 0.037% (370 ppm) of free gossypol. They were free of Salmonella and did not contain detectable amounts of aflatoxin. The proximate analyses of the cottonseed flours are shown in Table I. 

The present research was conducted to evaluate selected physicochemical properties of the dry roasted and air-classified navy, pinto, and black bean flour fractions. Studies were conducted to determine the chemical composition and to characterize the functional properties of dry-roasted bean flour fractions and to evaluate the suitability of the flours for use in foods systems. 

Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), represented by the commercial classes of navy, pinto and black were used to produce flour fractions at the Food Protein Research and Development Center, Texas A M University. Beans were dry-roasted under selected process conditions in a gas fired solid-to-solid heat exchanger, dehulled by air aspiration, pin-milled and air-classified to obtain four flour fractions. These fractions included whole, hulls, high protein, and high starch flours. 

Figure 3. Proximate composition of dry roasted, air-classi fed navy bean flour fractions.

Figure 4, Mean nitrogen solubility index (%) for protein flour dry roasted under various processing conditions bean/bean ration (1/10, 1/15) residence time (1, 2 min) and bead...

Table 1. Farinograph values of dry-roasted navy bean flour fractions1 ...

Figure 6 Water adsorption isotherms by dry-roasted navy bean flour fractions at room temperature (20°C).

Cake Donuts. The effects of 0-30% substitution of dry-roasted air-classified navy, pinto or black protein flour for wheat flour on the physical and sensory qualities of cake donuts were investigated. In general, fat absorption decreased as the level of substitution increased with the pinto bean variable having the lowest values. An increase of navy bean and pinto protein levels decreased donut height after the 10% level. The donuts with pinto bean protein exhibited less spread than the other bean type donut variables. Navy bean protein produced a more tender donut than the other bean types. The control donut and those with navy bean protein were the lightest in color, followed by pinto and black bean protein donuts,... 

Dry bean flour fractions produced by dry roasting, milling and air classification resulted in versatile food ingredients. Fractions possessed good functional and nutritional properties which were found to be acceptable in a variety of food systems. These processes and products appear to have potential for improving nutritive status through improved dry bean utilization. 

Morama nuts Whole morama dry roasted Roasted nuts, whole or chopped... 

Pyroconversion (dextrinization) Pyrodextrins - Prepared by dry roasting acidified starch... 

Rotary driers may also be used for combined drying roasting and calcining. In this case they are known as rotary kilns. 

A paired-ion, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the simultaneous determination of sweeteners (dulcin, saccharin-Na, and acesulfame-K), preservatives (sodium dehydroacetate, SA, salicyclic acid, BA, succinic acid, methyl-para-hydroxybenzoic acid, ethyl-para-hydroxybenzoic acid, n-propyl-para-hydroxybenzoic acid, n-butyl-para-hydroxybenzoic acid, and isobutyl-para-hydroxybenzoic acid), and antioxidants (3-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole and tertiary-butyl-hydroquinone). A mobile phase of acetonitrile-50 ml aqueous tr-hydroxyisobutyric acid solution (pH 4.5) (2.2 3.4 or 2.4 3.6, v/v) containing 2.5 mM hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and a Clg column with a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection at 233 nm were used. This method was found to be very reproducible detection limits ranged from 0.15 to 3.00 p,g. The retention factor (k) of each additive could be affected by the concentrations of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and a-hydroxyisobu-tyric acid and the pH and ratio of mobile phase. The presence of additives in dried roast beef and sugared fruit was determined. The method is suitable for routine analysis of additives in food samples (81). 

BA, SA Dried roast beef, sugared fruit, mixed with aqueous a-hydroxy-isobutyric acid solution (pH 4.5) and HTA, sonicated/ A/residue washed with aceto-nitrile-H20 (2 3, v/v), /B/, A and B combined Sep-Pak Cl8, 5 yam Acetonitrile-50 mM aqueous a-hydroxy-isobutyric acid (pH 4.5) (2.2 3.4 or 2.4 3.6, v/v) containing 2.5 mM HTA UV 233 nm 81... 

TBHQ, BHA Dried roast beef, soy sauce, sugared fruit solid-phase extraction 5-yu.m C 8 column 25 X 4.6-mm ID... 

Seeds are air-dried, roasted, and ground. Boiling-water extraction under reflux, filtration, dilution. 

Corn Corngrits Macaroni Flour tortilla Popcorn (in oil) Dry roasted peanuts... 

These data show that peanut products (peanut butter and dry-roasted peanuts) are contaminated with at least three banned pesticides, while mixed nuts, butter crackers, popcorn, sweet roll, pancake mix, and cornbread were reported to contain banned pesticides. Given the low percentage of imports for these products, the occurrence of these pesticides can be said to be the result of past U.S. agricultural practices. Once again, this suggests that even USDA certified organic peanut products will contain a mixture of banned pesticides. The occurrence of banned pesticides in the other grain-based products may be associated with the occurrence of butter or oils in these mixed products. 

Amino Acids Unf ermented (gm/ Fermented 100 gm dry Roasted bean)... 

Examining a defatted extract of roasted coffee showed that it could similarly be separated into three fractions on Sephadex G25-fine. When the middle fraction was collected, freeze-dried, roasted at 200 °C for 3 min, and re-analysed, most of it had been converted into the fast-running high-MM peak, thus demonstrating that low-molecular-mass (LMM) melanoidins act as precursors to high-molecular-mass (HMM) ones.83... 

A process for preparing a natural coffee substitute is provided. It comprises dry roasted Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis). 

In Indian cuisine, ajwain is almost never used raw, but either dry-roasted or fried in ghee or oil. This develops a much more subtle and complex aroma, somewhat similar to caraway but brighter . 

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