Drowsiness

Full eye protection should be worn whenever handling acryhc monomers contact lenses must never be worn. Prolonged exposure to Hquid or vapor can result in permanent eye damage or blindness. Excessive exposure to vapors causes nose and throat irritation, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness or drowsiness (solvent narcosis). Overexposure may cause central nervous system depression. Both proper respiratory protection and good ventilation are necessary wherever the possibiHty of high vapor concentration arises. 

AH three of these materials are apparentiy central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. It is beheved that for most individuals caffeine causes greater stimulation than does theophylline. Theobromine apparentiy causes the least stimulation. There is some evidence that caffeine acts on the cortex and reduces drowsiness and fatigue, although habituation can reduce these effects. 

This compound has antihistaminic activity and is usehil in the therapy of motion sickness. It may also be effective in the control of post-operative nausea and vomiting. It is classified as FDA Category B for Pregnancy, ie, no demonstrated risks shown in animal studies however, no controlled trials in pregnant women. Large doses may cause drowsiness and dry mouth owing to decreased secretion of saUva. 

Dimenhydrinate is an antiemetic especially usehil as an antinauseant in motion sickness, and for syndromes associated with vertigo such as Meniere s syndrome, radiation sickness, and vestibular dysfunction. It may produce mild drowsiness. It is FDA Category B for Pregnancy, and is available as an OTC preparation as well as by prescription. 

As a therapeutic class, hypnotics are nonselective CNS depressants that eflcit drowsiness and a natural sleep state from which the individual can be aroused. The effects of hypnotics are generally dose-dependent. 

OtherMa.gnesium Disorders. Neuromuscular irritabHity, convulsions, muscle tremors, mental changes such as confusion, disorientation, and haHucinations, heart disease, and kidney stones have aH been attributed to magnesium deficiency. Excess Mg " can lead to intoxication exemplified by drowsiness, stupor, and eventuaHy coma. 

Since about 85% of the administered dose is passed unchanged in the feces of the patient, selective toxicity of the dmg can be attributed primarily to poor absorption. Side effects include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headaches, and vertigo or drowsiness. Skin rashes can also develop. Pyrantel pamoate is produced by Pfi2er, Inc., New York, New York. 

Acute benzene poisoning results in CNS depression and is characterized by an initial euphoria followed by staggered gait, stupor, coma, and convulsions. Exposure to approximately 4000 ppm benzene results in complete loss of consciousness. Insomnia, agitation, headache, nausea, and drowsiness may persist for weeks after exposure (126). Continued inhalation of benzene to the point of euphoria has caused irreversible encephalopathy with tremulousness, emotional lability, and diffuse cerebral atrophy (125). In deaths arising from acute exposure, respiratory tract infection, hypo- and hyperplasia of sternal bone marrow, congested kidneys, and cerebral edema have been found at autopsy. 

Methyldopa is effective in mild, moderate, and severe hypertension but a thiazide-type diuretic is needed to overcome the fluid retaining side effect. Methyldopa has been shown to prevent and induce regression of ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. The principal side effects are sedation, drowsiness, nasal congestion, fluid retention, and in rare occasions, hemolytic anemia. 

Dichloroethylene is toxic by inhalation and ingestion and can be absorbed by the skin. It has a TLV of 200 ppm (10). The odor does not provide adequate warning of dangerously high vapor concentrations. Thorough ventilation is essential whenever the solvent is used for both worker exposure and flammabihty concerns. Symptoms of exposure include narcosis, dizziness, and drowsiness. Currently no data are available on the chronic effects of exposure to low vapor concentrations over extended periods of time. 

The threshold limit value for ethyl alcohol vapor in air has been set at 1000 ppm for an 8-h time-weighted exposure by the ACGIH (1989 listing). The minimum identifiable odor of ethyl alcohol has been reported as 350 ppm. Exposure to concentrations of 5,000—10,000 ppm result in irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and, if continued for an hour or more, may result in stupor or drowsiness. Concentrations of this latter order of magnitude have an intense odor and are almost intolerable to begin with, but most people can become acclimated to the exposure after a short time. Table 7 gives the effects of exposure to even heavier concentrations. 

Diphenhydramine [58-73-1] (55) was originally developed as an antihistamine and was first used clinically for this purpose in 1946 (see HiSTAMlNE AND HISTAMINE antagonists). In addition to this primary effect, however, central antitussive activity has also been demonstrated in animals (75,76) and in humans (77). Its antitussive activity is about half that of codeine. Drowsiness is the most frequent side effect. Diphenhydramine can be prepared as follows (78) ... 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Eye protection Symptoms Following Exposure Vapors from very hot material may irritate eyes and produce headache, drowsiness, and convulsions General Treatment for Exposure Remove fresh air. Wash affected skin areas with water. Flush eyes with water Toxicity by Inhalation (ThresholdLimit Value) 5 mg/m Short-Term Exposure limits Not pertinent Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 1 LDjq 5 to 15 g/kg Late Toxicity Birth defects in rats polyneuritis in humans Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Not pertinent liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics No appreciable hazard. Practically harmless to the skin Odor Threshold Data not available. 

---