Sleep states

As a therapeutic class, hypnotics are nonselective CNS depressants that eflcit drowsiness and a natural sleep state from which the individual can be aroused. The effects of hypnotics are generally dose-dependent. 

Measurement of movement of the eyeballs by means of electrodes placed adjacent to the eye sockets. The EOG parameter is important in defining REM sleep. Indeed, in animals sleep experiments where EOG data are not collected, the corresponding sleep state is most correctly termed paradoxical sleep. 

Figure 22.5 Pathways involved in cortico-thalamic synchrony and EEG arousal. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) extends from the cephalic medulla through the pons and midbrain to the thalamus (see Moruzzi and Mayoun 1949). It is activated by impulses in collaterals of the spinothalamic sensory pathway running to specific thalamic nuclei (SpThNc) and in turn activates much of the cortex, partly through the non-specific thalamic nuclei (NspThNc), which also receive inputs from SpThNc and also via the nucleus basalis (NcB). Its stimulation is followed by EEG arousal. It is probable that reciprocal links between cortical areas and the thalamus, particularly NspThN, lead to slow-wave (8 Hz) cortical EEG synchrony and, in the absence of appropriate sensory input and ARAS activity, a sleep state...

De Andres, I., Gomez-Montoya, J., Gutierrez-Rivas, E. Reinoso-Suarez, F. (1985). Differential action upon sleep states of ventrolateral and central areas of pontine tegmental field. Arch. Ital. Biol 123, 1-11. 

Exogenous dopaminomimetic effects on wake-sleep state... 

When and how does the SRR process occur — a role for sleep Currently, it is not clear what triggers the SRR process and when SRR usually takes place. We can only entertain a couple of ideas at this stage. One conceivable triggering mechanism could be that conscious recall can initiate the SRR process. This is consistent with common experience, where the more frequently a particular event is recalled, the better and longer it will be remembered. Another triggering mechanism could be the subconscious reactivation of the brain network. This could most likely be achieved during sleep, because various sleep states are... 

Alongside the medically controlled and related concept of drugs, a second conception exists of drugs as substances that produce depressing but exotic sleep states to which the user becomes easily addicted, to the exclusion of the claims and pleasures of ordinary life. In Homer s Odyssey, Ulysses and his crew visit the Land of the Lotus Eaters, whose inhabitants are addicted to a fruit that, when tasted, puts the user into a sleep in whose dreams all thoughts of home and... 

The intact ego state and the restructuralized ego state seem to correspond to bounded regions of experiential space, d-SoCs, but it is not clear whether the destructuralized ego state represents a d-SoC or merely a period of unstable transition between the b-SoC of the intact state (ordinary consciousness) and the d-ASC of the restructuralized state (a sleep state).f51 we need more data about the condition they... 

The notion that a reversal of sleep states, i.e REM sleep onset (important for clinical assessments), should be evident within 20 min. 

Quiet sleep, used to describe a sleep state without phasic movements in the first 2 weeks of life, is behaviorally and polysomnographically identical to NREM sleep (4). The actually scored NREM sleep, however, includes the part of half-activated sleep, which comprises a small portion of total NREM sleep (4,8). This type of sleep is found to be almost nonexistent in the first week and increases to about 15% in the second week. By PN 12, NREM sleep is identified by high-amplitude EEG, and increases, rapidly paralleling the increase of wakefulness. Newborn rats do not open their eyes until PN 14. Their wake state is identified as behavioral waking, such as walking and eating without eyes open. This state is only 10-30% in the first 2 weeks of life. Similar to REM sleep development, all states develop to a near-adult level at the end of the fourth week (4). 

McGinty DJ, Stevenson M, Hoppenbrouwers T, Harper RM, Sterman MB, Hodgman J. Poly graphic studies of kitten development sleep state patterns. Dev Psychobiol 1977 10 455 169. 

Hoppenbrouwers T, Hodgman JE, Harper RM, Sterman MB. Temporal distribution of sleep states, somatic activity and autonomic activity during the first half year of life. Sleep 1982 5 131-144. 

Fagioli I, Salzarulo R Sleep states development in the first year of life assessed through 24-hr recordings. Early Hum Dev 1982 68 215-228. 

Thoman EB, Whitney MP. Sleep states of infants monitored in the home individual differences, developmental trends, and origins of diurnal cyclicity. Inf Behav Dev 1989 12 59-75. 

Carskadon MA, Dement WC. Sleepiness and sleep state on a 90-min schedule. Psychophysiology 1977 14 127-133. 

The diagnostic criteria for insomnia can indeed become very precise. Insomnia in the ICSD [3] was defined as the complaint of an insufficient amount of sleep or not feeling rested after the habitual sleep episode , which might denote that sleep quantity and quality should be considered as equivalent. However, there were actually two quantitative requirements in ICSD for the diagnosis of insomnia at least 20 min sleep latency and at the most 6.5 hours total sleep time, otherwise the condition was considered as sleep state misperception also called pseudoinsomnia [3],... 

Horner RL (2001) The neuropharmarcology of upper airway motor control in the awake and sleep states inplications for obstructive sleep apnea. Resp Res 2 286-294... 

Bara-JimenezW, Aksu M, Graham B, Sato S, Hallett M (2000) Periodic limb movements in sleep state-dependent excitability of the spinal flexor reflex. Neurology 54 1609—1616... 

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