Doping solid-state materials

Local Structure of the Eu2+ Impurity. From the experimental perspective, the doping of lanthanide ions into solid state materials can be probed by different instrumental technics such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),44 extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS),45,46 or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR),47 which instead of giving a direct clue of the local geometry offers only data that can be corroborated to it. From the theoretical point of view,... 

The non-relativistic version of DVME method was developed in 1998 and was applied to the analysis of multiplet spectra of ruby [6-8]. This method was later applied to the analysis of a variety of TM-doped solid-state-laser materials [9-11]. The relativistic version of DVME method was developed in 2000. However, at that time, it was still difficult to calculate multiplet spectra of RE ions due to the limited performance of available computers. On the other hand, the relativistic... 

Lee, K., N.H. Leea, S.H. Shin, H.G. Lee and S.J. Kim (2006). Hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic characterizations of transition metals doped nano Ti02 sols. Materials Science and Engineering B-Solid State Materials for Advanced Technology, 129(1-3), 109-115. 

To overcome such issues, much attention is currently being given to storing hydrogen in solid-state materials. Recently emerging materials include doped carbon-based nanostructures [3], metal organic frame vorks [4], metallic hydrides [5], complex hydrides and destabilized hydrides [6, 7]. Ho vever, no material so... 

The fact that carbon nanotubes can be made either semiconducting or metallic without any doping is unique among solid-state materials, and laboratories worldwide are making and testing carbon-based electronic devices. Carbon nanotubes are also being explored for their mechanical properties. The carbon-carbon bonded framework of the nanotubes means that the imperfections that might appear in a metal nanowire of similar dimensions are nearly absent. Experiments on individual carbon nanotubes... 

Practical tuneable laser systems are, by and large, based on three different gain media, namely dyes in solution, doped solid-state crystals (mostly Ti sapphire) and light-emitting semiconductor diode materials. Brief descriptions of their basic operation principles and common designs are summarized in... 

Aleshin, A. N., Mironkov, N. B., Suvorov, A. V., Conklin, J. A., Su, T. M., and Kaner, R. B., Electrical properties of ion implanted and chemically doped polyaniline films, in Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings on Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid State Materials III, Vol. 413, 1996, p. 609. Cameron, D. A., and Reynolds, J, R., Conducting molecular composites of polypyrrole with electroactive polymeric dopant ions, ACS Proc., 37, 684 (1996). 

Modern CT systems use solid state detectors in general. Each detector element consists of a radiation-sensitive solid-state material (such as cadmium tungstate, gadolinium-oxide or gadolinium oxi-sulfide with suitable dopings), which converts the absorbed X-rays into vis-... 

Rey C, Combes C, Drouet C, Glimcher MJ (2009) Bone mineral an update on chemical composition and stmcture. Osteoporos Int 20 1013-1021 Rosenzweig A (1990) Photoacoustic and photoacoustic spectroscopy. Kriger, Florida, 309 pp Rossman GR, Grew E, Dollase W (1982) The colors of sillimanite. Am Miner 67 749-757 Rotman S, Hartman F (1988) Non-radiative energy transfer in doubly-doped solid-state laser materials. SPIE 1182 151-161... 

Antoniadis, H., Abkowitz, M., Hsieh, B. R., Jenekhe, S. A., and Stolka, M., Space-charge-limited charge injection from ITO/PPV into trap-free molecularly doped polymers. MRS Fall Meeting 1993, Electrical, optical and magnetic properties of organic solid state materials. 

In order to provide resolution in two-dimensions, the light sensitive material is subdivided into an array of pixels, as shown in Fig. 5. These pixels are defined by electric fields that are created within the light sensitive material. The electric fields can be generated one of two ways (1) permanently defined by implanting (doping) a very small amount of another material, or (2) programmably defined by electric fields produced by wires in the solid state electronics. 

Zone refining is a technique for decreasing the level of impurities in some metals, alloys, semiconductors, and other materials this is particularly so for doped semiconductors, in which the amount of an impurity must be known and carefully controlled. The technique relies on the impurities being more soluble in a molten sample (like oxygen in water, as noted above) than in the solid state. 

---