Doping diamond-like carbon

Zhenyu Zhang, Xinchun Lu, Jianbin Luo, Yang Liu, Chenhui Zhang, Preparation and Characterization of Fa203 Doped Diamond-Like Carbon Nanofilms (I) Structure Analysis," Diamond Relat. Mater., Vol. 16, No. 11, 2007, pp. 1905-1911. 

K. H. Er, S. G. So, The mechanical and structural properties of Si doped diamond-like carbon prepared by reactive sputtering., Journal of Ceramic Processing Research, vol. 12, pp. 187-190, 2011. 

Carbons modified with fluorine [112] and nitrogen [113,114] have also been extensively studied as catalysts in fuel cells leading to improvements in performance for both oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation. Both decrease in overpotentials and increase in lifetimes have been reported. The application of similar concepts to electrode materials for effluent/water treatment is likely to lead to electrodes with greater stability. A nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon has been shown to be effective for generation of ozone in water and the resulting solution employed to sterilize water oiEscherichia coli [115]. 

Even though the existence of C3P4 was postulated together with C3N4 as early as in 1984 , no research has been done on carbon phosphide besides a recent work on phosphorus-doped diamond-like carbon films. The present study is therefore expected to provide basic information on the structure and properties of carbon phosphide. It is of interest to know whether C3P4 can form a stable alloy. And if it does, what is the possible structure What physical properties does it have The ultimate aim is to produce a stable form of carbon phosphide having potentially useful electronic properties. 

Menegazzo, N., Kahn, M., Berghauser, R. et al. 2011. Nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon as optically transparent electrode for infrared attenuated total reflection spectroelectrochemistry. Analyst 136 1831-1839. 

Donnet, C., Recent Progress on the Tribology of Doped Diamond-like and Carbon Alloy Coatings A Review, Surf. Coat. Technol., o. 100/101,1998,pp. 180-186. 

V. Anita, T. Butuda, T. Maeda, K. Takizawa, N.Saito, 0. Takai, Effect of N doping on properties of diamond-like carbon thin films produced by RF capacitively coupled chemical vapor deposition from different precursors., Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 13, pp. 1993-1996, 2004. 

The product contains (besides some residual F and H) also inserted NBU4 , i.e. it is naturally n-doped. Even in the absence of BuOH, reactive nucleophiles like [(CH3)2NCHO] or (CH3)2N can be generated by preelectrolysis of dimethylformamide solutions [59]. Such a process allows electrochemical deposition of diamond-like carbon on an aluminum electrode [78] and it also produces polyyne from PVDF (cf. Eq. 4.22a). At similar conditions, PTFE shows no reactivity [59] and polyvinylchloride is dehydrohalogenated only to polyacetylene [79-82]. However, Zra 5-poly-acetylene, which was stereoregularly chlorinated by FeCh, is carbonizable by electrochemically generated BuO (cf. reactions 4.22 and 4.22a) [83] ... 

For some time, mixtures of H2 and natural gas have been used for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of diamond-like carbon (DEC) films. It is now possible to use this technique to grow diamond seed crystals to produce clear, perfect colorless diamonds. Diamonds grown by the high-pressure methods are invariably doped and thus colored. One company, Apollo, has used the CVD technique to grow 1-ct diamonds. 

Nanoporous carbon materials, including black carbons, functionalized carbon, nanostructured carbon, nanostructured diamond like carbon, graphene, N-doped graphene, hierarchical porous carbonaceous foams... 

Boron as a dopant allows silicon and carbon materials to significantly change their conductivity and thereby open up applications in particular with boron-doped diamond (sp -carbon) as mechanically and chemically robust electrode material. The range of beneficial effects of boron in boron-doped diamond as electrode materiaP has been reported. Bio-electrochemical processes like the oxidation of NADH are possible with diamond dominating the interfacial chemistry. The sp nature of the diamond allows adsorption processes to be modified, and electrode erosion to be minimised, with electroanalytical application even under extreme conditions, for example in the presence of ultrasound and for pharmaceutical components. Boron surface functional groups have been reported to be crucial for electron transfer, for example, during glucose oxidation. ... 

Donnet, C., 1998. Recent progress on the tribology of doped diamond-like and carbon alloy coatings a review. Surface and Coatings Technology 100, 180—186. 

Chang, Y. Y., Wang, D. Y. and Wu, W. T., Catalysis effects of metal doping on wear properties of diamond-like carbon films deposited by a cathodic-arc activated deposition process. Thin Solid Films, 420,2002,241-247. Wei, Q., Narayan, R. J., Narayan, J., Sankar, J. and Sharma, A. K., (1998), Improvement of wear resistance of pulsed laser deposited diamond-like caibai films through incorporation of metals. Materials Science and Engineering, B53,1998,262-266. 

Doping proper amount of properly selected elements lowers the work function ( ) or the threshold (Vj) in cold-cathode field emitters such as diamond, diamond-like carbon (a-C), or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [4, 9, 63-65]. The Vx of the N-doped... 

Concerning the substrate, practically any material can be used to form a modified electrode, although the most used are gold, silver, platinum, mercury, and carbon (in its different variants, like glassy carbon, Highly Oriented Pyrolitic Graphite (HOPG), or Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes [39]). 

Figure 11.21(a) schematically shows a structure composed of a twolayered carbon film deposited on an Al surface by the pulsed-evaporation vacuum technique. The structure consists of a diamond-like film (ta-C) with tetrahedral sp bonds between carbon atoms and an S-doped highly oriented sp -hybridized carbon film. Figure 11.21(b) represents the I-V characteristics of such a structure, which is a Al/sp carbon-sp carbon/Al junction. 

Importantly, these analytes can be quantitatively electrooxidized at boron-doped diamond thin-film electrodes without derivatization, the use of pulsed voltammetiic waveforms as is most often required for detection at metal electrodes like gold, or fouling [36,39,43,110]. Boron-doped diamond electrodes possess the requisite physicochemical properties needed to support the amine oxidation via an anodic oxygen-transfer reaction (e.g., surface boron sites for amine coordination and localized sp carbon sites where the oxidant, OH , is generated at lower overpotential than the surrounding diamond matrix), and these properties can... 

---