DNA transcription and

Enzymes are proteins (gene products) synthesized by DNA transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Many enzymes are described as being constitutive , meaning they are present at all times. Others are inducible , meaning that their synthesis can be increased on-demand when circumstances require. By increasing the concentration of certain enzymes, induction allows more substrate to undergo chemical reaction and the pathway accelerates. 

As would be expected of active protein secreting cells, glandular epithelial tissue, the cytokine secreting cells of the immune system and the blood vessel endothelium, have an extensive internal structure consisting of rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. Peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines like all proteins are synthesized by DNA transcription and mRNA translation. The primary transcript of the mRNA may code for an inactive prohormone which requires careful proteolysis to produce the active hormone, as for example in the case of insulin. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is particularly interesting in this respect because... 

A summary of some of these processes is as follows synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol de novo synthesis of ribonucleotides synthesis of RNA de novo synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides regulation of synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides salvage pathways duplication of DNA transcription and translation (polypeptide synthesis). After this series of topics, those of fuels and ATP generation, mitosis and, finally, regulation of the cycle, are described and discussed. 

Binding to proteins and pyrimidine bases leads to interference with DNA transcription and translation... 

These compounds contain alkyl groups that form strong, covalent bonds with the nucleic acid bases of DNA, especially guanine. This interferes with DNA transcription and replication, inhibiting mitosis (Figure 16.1). They have a broad spectrum of antitumour activity and are used in the treatment of lymphoma, breast and ovarian carcinoma, melanoma and multiple myeloma. 

Both pro- and eukaryotic cells have three types of RNA. The largest is messenger RNA (mRNA), whose molecular weight can be as high as 106. It carries genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery. It is a product of DNA transcription, and it is translated (expressed) into a protein via... 

In bacterial cells, there is no membrane surrounding the DNA nucleoid, and both DNA transcription and RNA translation proceed within the single cell compartment. In eukaryotes, the nucleus is bounded by a membrane (Chap. 1). Transcription occurs within the nucleus, and the mRNA must pass into the cytoplasm, where it is translated. Frequently, the immediate polypeptide product of translation is subsequently modified, sometimes in a process that enables it to be transported out of the cell in which it is made. 

Complementary use, in future, of small angle solution synchrotron X-ray scattering methods with electron microscopy could contribute to the clarification of the path of the linker DNA. Thus further experiments seeking a universal model for the chromatin fibre structure need to be undertaken although the existence of such a universal structure is questionable. More importantly future investigations need to be aimed at imderstanding what relevance the structure of the fibre has to the control of DNA transcription and replication. 

Comparison of DNA replication, DNA transcription and protein synthesis in eukaryotes and prokaryotes... 

There are four principal protein targets with which illicit dmgs can interact enzymes, membrane carriers, ion charmels, and receptors (Lambert, 2004). Receptors are macromolecules involved in chemical signaling between and within cells and activated receptors directly or indirectly regulate cellular biochemical processes (e.g., ion conductance, protein phosphorylation, DNA transcription, and enzymatic activity), which, in turn, can affect the homoeostasis of cells and organisms. 

An intercalation-based mechanism resulting from quinone insertion between two deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base pairs causing disturbance of DNA transcription and replication by inhibition of DNA topoisomerases. 

In our in silica perturbation of the PS composition, we observed how the competition between DNA transcription and translation for energy resources (here represented by the sum of ATP and GTP available molecules) shapes the protein production dynamics, in terms of total protein yield and its production kinetics. Figure 3 offers a global survey of these results it shows, for each class of initial DNA inner concentration, the resulting global production in GFP and the corresponding use of energy molecules by the different biochemical processes. 

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