Diverters

Routine production tests are performed, approximately once per month on each producing well, by diverting the production through the test separator on surface to measure the liquid flowrate, water cut, and gas production rate. The wellhead pressure (also called the flowing tubing head pressure, FTHP) is recorded at the time of the production test, and a plot of production rate against FTHP is made. The FTHP is also recorded continuously and used to estimate the well s production rate on a daily basis by reference to the FTHP vs production rate plot for the well. 

Figure B2.5.8. Schematic representation of laser-flash photolysis using the pump-probe technique. The beam splitter BS splits the pulse coming from the laser into a pump and a probe pulse. The pump pulse initiates a reaction in the sample, while the probe beam is diverted by several mirrors M tluough a variable delay line.

NOTE. It is not expected that a student xvill attempt to memorise all the colour tests given in Part III. He might for example be expected to know the Phthalein Reaction for phenol itself (p. 339). Details of the divergence from the standard result are recorded primarily for reference, so that a student will not be diverted from his line of investigation if he observes that a suspected phenol does not respond exactly to the standard colour changes. 

Some people lack the enzymes necessary to convert L phenylalanine to L tyrosine Any L phenylalanine that they obtain from their diet is diverted along a different meta bolic pathway giving phenylpyruvic acid... 

A major advantage of this hydride approach lies in the separation of the remaining elements of the analyte solution from the element to be determined. Because the volatile hydrides are swept out of the analyte solution, the latter can be simply diverted to waste and not sent through the plasma flame Itself. Consequently potential interference from. sample-preparation constituents and by-products is reduced to very low levels. For example, a major interference for arsenic analysis arises from ions ArCE having m/z 75,77, which have the same integral m/z value as that of As+ ions themselves. Thus, any chlorides in the analyte solution (for example, from sea water) could produce serious interference in the accurate analysis of arsenic. The option of diverting the used analyte solution away from the plasma flame facilitates accurate, sensitive analysis of isotope concentrations. Inlet systems for generation of volatile hydrides can operate continuously or batchwise. 

For liquid chromatography, a sample of the mixture solution is injected through a loop injector which allows a quantity of the solution to be placed in a small tubular loop at atmospheric pressure. By manipulating a valve, the high-pressure flow of solvent to the column is diverted through the loop, carrying the sample with it (Figure 35.5). 

The effluent from a GC column is already in the gas phase and needs only to be mixed with argon makeup gas before passage into the flame. Precautions need to be taken to divert temporarily the GC flow when the first solvent peak emerges because it contains far too much material for the plasma to withstand. 

Solvent-divert system. Used in conjunction with an interface, it permits temporary interruption of the flow from a chromatograph to a mass spectrometer by briefly opening a valve to a pumping line. Thus effluent present at a high concentration (usually solvent) does not enter the mass spectrometer ion source. 

Africa divert and export a sizable fraction of their production. Countries with Httle or no production. exemplified here by Great Britain, and those like ... 

A primary advantage of anionic polyacrylamides is low cost (123). Profile modification is a process where flooding water is diverted from zones with high... 

In order to control the concentration of lower dibasic acid by-products in the system, a portion of the mother liquor stream is diverted to a purge treatment process. Following removal of nitric acid by distillation (Fig. 3, K), copper and vanadium catalyst are recovered by ion-exchange treatment (Fig. 

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

In the eady 1980s, the process was commercialized in New Zealand to convert offshore natural gas to 2200 m /day (14,000 barrels/day) gasoline. Since then some of the methanol has been diverted from fuel production to chemical-grade methanol production by a dding additional methanol refining capacity. 

The electrons undergo the equivalent of a partial oxidation process ia a dark reaction to a positive potential of +0.4 V, and Photosystem I then raises the potential of the electrons to as high as —0.7 V. Under normal photosynthesis conditions, these electrons reduce tryphosphopyridine-nucleotide (TPN) to TPNH, which reduces carbon dioxide to organic plant material. In the biophotolysis of water, these electrons are diverted from carbon dioxide to a microbial hydrogenase for reduction of protons to hydrogen ... 

Other uses include use as a reaction and extraction solvent in pharmaceutical production as an intermediate for the preparation of catalysts, antioxidants (qv), and perfumes and as a feedstock in the production of methyl isopropenyl ketone, 2,3-butanedione, and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Concern has also arisen at the large volume of exported MEK which has been covertly diverted and used to process cocaine in Latin American countries... 

Fig. 2. The Dow magnesium cell. The steel container. A, is equipped with a ceramic cover, B, through which graphite anodes, C, pass. The magnesium is deposited on the cathode, D, and is diverted as it rises into the collection sump, E. The chlorine is withdrawn through a vent, F.

Explosives. Mercury, in the form of organic complexes, eg, mercury fulminate [628-86-4] has had long usage in explosives (see Explosives and propellants). In the United States all mercury for use in explosives is diverted to military uses. An explosive based on mercuric 5-nitrotetra2ole [60345-95-1] has been developed, but its use is on a small scale and in research and development only (3). 

On the outlet of the holder tube, the FDV directs the pasteurized product to the regenerator and then to the final cooling section (forward flow). Alternatively, if the product is below the temperature of pasteurization, it is diverted back to the balance tank (diverted flow). The FDV is controlled by the safety thermal-limit recorder. 

Control System. For quaUty control, a complete record of the control and operation of the HTST is kept with a safety thermal-limit recorder—controller (Fig. 9). The temperature of product leaving the holder tube, ahead of the FDV, is recorded and the forward or diverted flow of the FDV is determined. Various visual iadicators, operator temperature caUbration records, and thermometers also are provided. 

When reactor-grade plutonium is left in spent fuel, the large size of the fuel assembhes and the lethal radiation fields make it extremely difficult to divert the material covertly. Once the reactor-grade plutonium is separated in the commercial reprocessing option, however, the radiation barrier is almost eliminated, and in certain steps of the process the plutonium is in powder or Hquid form, which is much more easily diverted than large, bulky fuel... 

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