Distillation equipment for

The calculations made thus far are of theoretical trays, that is, trays on which vapor-liquid equilibrium is attained for all components. Actual tray efficiencies vary widely with the kind of system, the flow rates, and the tray construction. The range can be from less than 10% to more than 100% and constitutes perhaps the greatest uncertainty in the design of distillation equipment. For hydrocarbon fractionation a commonly used efficiency is about 60%. Section 13.14 discusses this topic more fully. 

Fig. 14. Schematic flow diagram showing multiple fixed-bed reactor residuum hydroprocessing coupled with distillation equipment for high-severity RDS (Paraskos et al., 1974).

Ftg. 146. Distillation equipment for the manufacture of hydrogen peroxide According... 

Distillation equipment for producing fatty adds, ul-fite paper processing equipment... 

Vacuum distillation equipment for substances which solidify easily... 

Fie. 40. Vacuum distillation equipment for substances which solidify easily (napnthols, phenylenediamine, etc.). The apparatus for large quantities (1000-30(X) kg.) is equipped with a stirring mechanism to prevent charrine. 1, distillation vessel 2, receiver with steam or water jacket 3, steam heated times to prevent solidification 4, trap to collect water and sublimate 5, line to pump. 

Distillation equipment for soap-lye and esterification cmde requires salt-resistant metallurgy. The solid salt that results when glycerol is vaporized is removed by filtration or as bottoms from a wiped film evaporator. The Luwa scraped wall... 

The potential from the thermocouple may also be used to supply a signal to an electronic recorder. This is particularly convenient with distillation equipment, for one can then follow the course of the distillation without being present constantly. 

The history of production of essential oils dates back to ca. 3500 when the oldest known water distillation equipment for essential oils was employed and may be seen today in the Taxila Museum in Pakistan. Ancient India, China, and Egypt were the locations where essential oils were produced and widely used as medicaments, avors, and fragrances. Perfumes came to Europe most probably from the East at the time of the crusades, and perfumery was accorded a professional status by the approval of a... 

Dinamarca, E. Garrido, F. Valenzuela, A. A simple high vacuum distillation equipments for deodorizing fish oil for human consumption. Lipids 1990, 25, 170-171. 

Find the maximum recovery possible from the distillation equipment for a feed concentration, Zp = 0.275. Point c on Figure 18.19 provides an estimate of the recovery, F = 0.91. 

Drying refers to the removal of water from a substance through a whole range of processes, including distillation, evaporation, and even physical separations such as with centrifuges. Here, consideration is restricted to the removal of moisture from solids and liquids into a gas stream (usually air) by heat, namely, thermal drying. Some of the types of equipment for removal of water also can be used for removal of organic liquids from solids. 

Pure dimethylaniline from commercial dimethylaniline. Into a 250 ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser place 50 g. (52-5 ml.) of a good commercial sample of dimethylaniline and 25 g. (23 ml.) of acetic anhydride. Heat vmder reflux for 3 hours, and allow to cool. Transfer to a 100 ml, Claisen flask equipped for distillation, and distil using a wire gauze or, better, an air bath (Fig. II, 5, 3). Some acetic acid and the excess of acetic anhydride passes over first, followed by pure dimethylaniline (a colourless liquid) at 193-194°, There is a small dark residue in the flask. The yield depends upon the purity of the commercial sample, but is usually 30-40 g. 

This was pretty simple and is well suited for someone without any distillation equipment ... 

A solution of 45 g of triphenyl phosphite methiodide in 100 ml of dry di-methylformamide was heated at 100°C and 0.08 mol of the acetylenic alcohol (commercially available) was added in 2 min. After stirring for 30 min at 100°C the mixture was cooled. The flask was equipped for vacuum distillation. On the flask were placed a 25-cm Vigreux column and two stoppers and the column was connected with a condenser and a receiver. The DMF and the iodoallene distilled between... 

To a mixture of O.BB mol of anhydrous lithium chloride and 100 ml of OMSO was added a solution of 0.40 mol of the acetylenic tosylate (for a general procedure concerning the preparation of acetylenic tosylates, see Chapter VllI-3, Exp. 3) in IBO ml of DMSO. The flask was equipped for vacuum distillation (see Fig. 5). Between the receiver, which was cooled at -75°C, and the water-pump was placed a tube filled with KOH pellets. The apparatus was evacuated (10-20 mmHg) and the flask gradually heated until DMSO began to reflux in the column. The contents of... 

In order to make a multipurpose plant even more versatile than module IV, equipment for unit operations such as soHd materials handling, high temperature/high pressure reaction, fractional distillation (qv), Hquid—Hquid extraction (see Extraction, liquid-liquid), soHd—Hquid separation, thin-film evaporation (qv), dryiag (qv), size reduction (qv) of soHds, and adsorption (qv) and absorption (qv), maybe iastalled. 

Process simulators stop generally at the process specifications for the equipment. For the detailed mechanical design of the equipment, such as heat exchangers and distillation columns, stand-alone programs are often used. They make process calculations, size the equipment, calculate thermal and mechanical stresses, design mechanical support of the parts of the equipment, design inlet and outlet nozzles, etc. 

Distillation Columns. Distillation is by far the most common separation technique in the chemical process industries. Tray and packed columns are employed as strippers, absorbers, and their combinations in a wide range of diverse appHcations. Although the components to be separated and distillation equipment may be different, the mathematical model of the material and energy balances and of the vapor—Hquid equiUbria are similar and equally appHcable to all distillation operations. Computation of multicomponent systems are extremely complex. Computers, right from their eadiest avadabihties, have been used for making plate-to-plate calculations. 

Corrosivity. Corrosivity is an important factor in the economics of distillation. Corrosion rates increase rapidly with temperature, and in distillation the separation is made at boiling temperatures. The boiling temperatures may require distillation equipment of expensive materials of constmction however, some of these corrosion-resistant materials are difficult to fabricate. For some materials, eg, ceramics (qv), random packings may be specified, and this has been a classical appHcation of packings for highly corrosive services. On the other hand, the extensive surface areas of metal packings may make these more susceptible to corrosion than plates. Again, cost may be the final arbiter (see Corrosion and corrosion control). 

The sequencing of distillation columns and other types of equipment for the separation of multicomponent mixtures has received much attention in recent years. Although one separator of complex design can sometimes be devised to produce more than two produc ts, more... 

Design Procedures The procedures to be followed in specifying the principal dimensions of gas absorption and distillation equipment are described in this section and are supported by several worked-out examples. The experimental data required for executing the designs are keyed to appropriate references or to other sections of the handbook. 

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