Dissolvable phosphorus

Tetraoxophosphoric acid, H3PO4 — This is prepared in the laboratory either by dissolving phosphorus(V) oxide in water (giving trioxophosphoric acid) and then heating to give the tetraoxo-acid or by heating violet phosphorus with 33% nitric acid, which oxidises it thus ... 

A recent review of research on phosphorus input to surface waters from agriculture highlights the variability of particulate and dissolved phosphorus contributions to catchments. The input varies with rainfall, fertilizer application rates, the history of the application of the fertilizer, land use, soil type, and between surface and sub-surface water. The balance struck between export of nutrients from the catchment and recipient-water productivity is the primary factor which controls its quality. 

The above description of eutrophication has illustrated the complex nature of the problem, particularly in relation to the influence of nutrients, the multiplicity of sources of phosphorus and the spectrum of its bio-availability. Clearly, the most effective long-term solution to many of our eutrophication problems will be to reduce the nutrient load to affected waters. However, it has also been shown that, because the concentrations of available phosphorus required to impose a control on primary production is very low (e.g. 5-10/rgU total dissolved phosphorus), the reduction of nutrients from any one source alone is unlikely to be effective. 

Ekka SA, Haggard BE, Matlock MD, Chaubey I (2006) Dissolved phosphorus concentrations and sediment interactions in effluent dominated Ozark streams. Ecol Eng 26 375-391... 

The same goes for carbon (the accident was caused because carbon was used instead of manganese dioxide, by mistake), sulphur and phosphorus. There was a detonation with carbon. With phosphorus the detonation occurred once the carbon disulphide used to dissolve phosphorus vapourised red phosphorus behaves the same way. The same happened with the potassium chlor-ate/sodium nitrate/sulphur/carbon mixture, which led to a violent detonation as well as with the potassium perchlorate/aluminium/potassium nitrate/barium nitrate/water mixture. In the last case the explosion took place after an induction period of 24h. 

Eberlein and Kattner [194] described an automated method for the determination of orthophosphate and total dissolved phosphorus in the marine environment. Separate aliquots of filtered seawater samples were used for the determination orthophosphate and total dissolved phosphorus in the concentration range 0.01-5 xg/l phosphorus. The digestion mixture for total dissolved phosphorus consisted of sodium hydroxide (1.5 g), potassium peroxidisulfate (5 g) and boric acid (3 g) dissolved in doubly distilled water (100 ml). Seawater samples (50 ml) were mixed with the digestion reagent, heated under pressure at 115-120 °C for 2 h, cooled, and stored before determination in the autoanalyser system. For total phosphorus, extra ascorbic acid was added to the aerosol water of the autoanalyser manifold before the reagents used for the molybdenum blue reaction were added. For measurement of orthophosphate, a phosphate working reagent composed of sulfuric acid, ammonium molyb-... 

Fig. 3-2. I assume that 95 percent of the phosphorus supplied to the surface sea is incorporated into organic matter and returned to the deep sea in particulate form. One percent of the total survives to be buried in sediments. The rest is restored to the deep sea as dissolved phosphorus. The loss to sediments is balanced for the whole ocean by supply by the rivers. The fluxes here are in relative units.

While phosphorus export from agricultural systems is usually dominated by surface runoff, important exceptions occur in sandy, acid organic, or peaty soils that have low phosphorus adsorption capacities and in soils where the preferential flow of water can occur rapidly through macropores (Sharpley et al., 1998 Sims et al., 1998). Soils that allow substantial subsurface exports of dissolved phosphorus are common on parts of the Atlantic coastal plain and Honda, and are thus important to consider in the management of coastal eutrophication in these regions. 

Return of the phosphate-stripped activated sludge to the aeration basin for reuse in a new cycle, where the phosphate-stripped activated sludge microorganisms are again induced to take up dissolved phosphorus in excess of the amount required for growth under aerobic conditions. 

The dissolved phosphorus fraction is the most important aquatic phosphorus compartment in terms of biological growth in an aquatic system because it provides the major source of available phosphorus to phytoplankton. To be biologically useful the dissolved phosphorus compounds must... 

Incubation of lake water with 32P or 33P as tracers and subsequent gel chromatography reveals that a major pathway exists between dissolved orthophosphate and the particulate phase (3, 5-7). Low-molecular-weight phosphorus forms in the presence of bacteria and algae. SUP is present in the low-molecular-weight fraction and is classified as individual DOP compounds unassociated with particulate or colloidal material. The HMW fraction found in gel chromatography studies is characterized as a colloid that contains phosphorus compounds or incorporates orthophosphate. The colloidal material then releases orthophosphate, replenishing the dissolved phosphorus cycle. In some eutrophic lakes the HMW SRP fraction can make... 

Concentrated natural humic matrix was obtained from old, concentrated natural water samples in which the dissolved phosphorus concentration was either too low to be measured or in which it had all hydrolyzed to orthophosphate. 

From observations on the effect of dissolved phosphorus on the vap. press, of carbon disulphide at 0°, G. Gugiielmo concluded that the element is present in the form of P4-mols E. Beckmann, and A. Helff came to the same conclusion from ebulliscopic observations with the same solvent and E. Paterno and R. Nasini, with benzene. J. Hertz obtained values in agreement with the presence of P4-mols... 

Auclair, J. C. 1995. Implications of increased UV-B induced photoreduction Iron(II) enrichment stimulated picocyanobacterial growth and the microbial food web in clear-water acidic Canadian Shield lakes. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52 1782—1788. Auclair, J. C., P. Brassard, and P. Couture. 1985. Total dissolved phosphorus Effects of two molecular weight fractions on phosphorus cycling in natural phytoplankton communities. Water Research 19 1447—1453. 

Karl, D. M., and Tien, G. (1992). MAGIC A sensitive and precise method for measuring dissolved phosphorus in aquatic environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 37,105-116. 

Solorzano, L., and Sharp, J. H. (1980b). Determination of total dissolved phosphorus and particulate phosphorus in natural waters. Limnol. Oceanogr. 25,754-758. 

White phosphorus can exist in water as dissolved phosphorus in amounts <3 mg/L, in the colloidal state, as large particles of elemental phosphorus at concentrations >3 mg/L, or in the particle-sorbed state (Bullock and Newlands 1969 EPA 1991). Elemental phosphorus can undergo oxidation and hydrolysis in water. The rate of reactions depends on the dissolved oxygen concentration, temperature, state of phosphorus in water (dissolved, sorbed, colloidal, or particle form), and possibly the pH of the solution. The rate of reaction grows faster as the temperature of the water increases (Lai and Rosenblatt 1977a). 

Excellent solvent for many organic compounds dissolves phosphorus, sulfur, and halogen acids miscible with water, alcohol, glycerol, ether, and carbon tetrachloride practically insoluble in carbon disulfide.1... 

Figure 9.22. Oceanic cycles of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. DOC = dissolved organic carbon POC = particulate organic carbon NPP = net primary production DN = dissolved nitrogen PN = particulate nitrogen DP = dissolved phosphorus, PP = particulate phosphorus. C and N fluxes are in units of 1012 moles C and N y1 P fluxes are in units of 1010 moles P y1.

A -Butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, containing dissolved phosphorus pentachloride, allows catalytic Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime giving e-caprolactam with good conversion and selectivity <2001TL403>. The same ionic liquid containing dissolved ytterbium(m) trifluoromethanesulfonate was used to perform Friedel-Crafts acylation of furan and thiophene <2005JIG398>. 

Gold, like silver, when in the molten state dissolves phosphorus and rejects it on solidification.18 A phosphide AuP has been prepared by passing a mixture of dry phosphine and ether vapour into an ether solution, of gold chloride.19 The phosphorus is only loosely combined and is given off when the compound is warmed. Such phosphides... 

Antimony in the liquid state dissolves phosphorus giving a brittle mass of metallic appearance. A red amorphous powder has also been made by the action of phosphorus on antimony tribromide dissolved in carbon disulphide.4... 

The glow is exhibited by ordinary phosphorus trioxide,2 but is then really due to small quantities of dissolved phosphorus. The oxide when purified as described on p. 126 gave only a momentary glow at the commencement of the oxidation (by oxygen), which afterwards proceeded without emission of light. The glow of phosphorus, which actually is inhibited by the trioxide, is restored continuously as this is hydrated by small amounts of water vapour.3 The inhibitory effect of P4Og is also removed by ozone. 

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