Monovalent display

In addition, most devices provide operator control of settings for temperature and/or response slope, isopotential point, zero or standardization, and function (pH, mV, or monovalent—bivalent cation—anion). Microprocessors are incorporated in advanced-design meters to faciHtate caHbration, calculation of measurement parameters, and automatic temperature compensation. Furthermore, pH meters are provided with output connectors for continuous readout via a strip-chart recorder and often with binary-coded decimal output for computer interconnections or connection to a printer. Although the accuracy of the measurement is not increased by the use of a recorder, the readabiHty of the displayed pH (on analogue models) can be expanded, and recording provides a permanent record and also information on response and equiHbrium times during measurement (5). 

Pyruvate kinase (PK) is one of the three postulated rate-controlling enzymes of glycolysis. The high-energy phosphate of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred to ADP by this enzyme, which requires for its activity both monovalent and divalent cations. Enolpyruvate formed in this reaction is converted spontaneously to the keto form of pyruvate with the synthesis of one ATP molecule. PK has four isozymes in mammals M, M2, L, and R. The M2 type, which is considered to be the prototype, is the only form detected in early fetal tissues and is expressed in many adult tissues. This form is progressively replaced by the M( type in the skeletal muscle, heart, and brain by the L type in the liver and by the R type in red blood cells during development or differentiation (M26). The M, and M2 isozymes display Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate. The Mj isozyme is not affected by fructose-1,6-diphosphate (F-1,6-DP) and the M2 is al-losterically activated by this compound. Type L and R exhibit cooperatively in... 

Depending on the particular vector system used, gp3 fusions can be displayed either multivalently for selection by avidity or monovalently to select for binders with the highest affinity. By fusing VH or VL antigen binding domains (Fv) or VH-CH and VL-CL (Fabs) to a bacterial leader sequence, the Ab chains are directed through the cytoplasmic membrane into the gap between... 

The avidity of binding of the phage, which is determined by whether a multivalent or monovalent display system is used... 

Lowman, H. B, Bass, S. H., Simpson, N., and Wells, J. A (1991) Selecting high-affinity binding-proteins by monovalent phage display. Biochemistry 30, 10,832-10,838. 

Baca M, Presta LG, O Connor S J, Wells JA. 1997. Antibody humanization using monovalent phage display. J Biol Chem. 272 10678-10684. 

When comparing transmitter-gated ion channels on a functional level, one can discern between anion and cation channels. The former ones comprise the GABAa and glycine receptors, which display a rank order of anion selectivity of I- > Hr > Cl- and which are also permeable to HC()3. All other ionotropic receptors mentioned here are cation channels, which discriminate rather poorly between various monovalent cations, at least when compared with voltage-gated ion channels. Some... 

When a solution contains multiple ionic species, ASAXS can be used to determine the fractional contribution of each cationic species to the ion atmosphere around nucleic acids. As an illustration, we show monovalent and trivalent ion competition around DNA. Figure 19.8A displays anomalous difference signal from Rb+ ions bound to DNA in two solutions. In a... 

In Table 3.1, the ionic compositions of the homoionic samples Na-HC, K-HC, Ca-HC, Mg-HC, and the original HC sample are displayed [18,28], The reported data reveal that Na and K are selectively exchanged in the clinoptilolite-containing zeolite rock, HC. On the other hand, the degree of exchange for the bivalent cations, Ca and Mg, is inferior than those reported for the monovalent cations. 

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