Dispersal, humans

Poliak, MR, Chou, YH, Marx, SJ, Steinmann, B, Cole, DE, Brandi, ML, Papapoulos, SE, Menko, FH, Hendy, GN, Brown, EM and et al., 1994b, Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. Effects of mutant gene dosage on phenotype, J Clin Invest 93 1108-1112 Posillico, JT, Wortsman, J, Srikanta, S, Eisenbarth, GS, Mallette, LE and Brown, EM, 1986, Parathyroid cell surface autoantibodies that inhibit parathyroid hormone secretion from dispersed human parathyroid cells, J Bone Miner Res 1 475-483... 

Irani, A.A., Nilsson, G., Miettinen, U., Craig, S.S., Ashman, L.K., Ishizaka, T., Zsebo, K.M. and Schwartz, L.B. (1992). Recombinant human stem cell factor stimulates differentiation of mast cells firom dispersed human fetal fiver cells. Blood 80, 3009-3021. 

Church, M. K., Pao, G. J. K., and Holgate, S. T., 1982, Characterization of histamine secretion from mechanically dispersed human lung mast cells Effects of anti-IgE, calcium ionophore A23187, compound 48/80, and basic polypeptides, J. Immunol. 129 2116-2121. 

Two nucleation processes important to many people (including some surface scientists ) occur in the formation of gallstones in human bile and kidney stones in urine. Cholesterol crystallization in bile causes the formation of gallstones. Cryotransmission microscopy (Chapter VIII) studies of human bile reveal vesicles, micelles, and potential early crystallites indicating that the cholesterol crystallization in bile is not cooperative and the true nucleation time may be much shorter than that found by standard clinical analysis by light microscopy [75]. Kidney stones often form from crystals of calcium oxalates in urine. Inhibitors can prevent nucleation and influence the solid phase and intercrystallite interactions [76, 77]. Citrate, for example, is an important physiological inhibitor to the formation of calcium renal stones. Electrokinetic studies (see Section V-6) have shown the effect of various inhibitors on the surface potential and colloidal stability of micrometer-sized dispersions of calcium oxalate crystals formed in synthetic urine [78, 79]. 

Selection of pollution control methods is generally based on the need to control ambient air quaUty in order to achieve compliance with standards for critetia pollutants, or, in the case of nonregulated contaminants, to protect human health and vegetation. There are three elements to a pollution problem a source, a receptor affected by the pollutants, and the transport of pollutants from source to receptor. Modification or elimination of any one of these elements can change the nature of a pollution problem. For instance, tall stacks which disperse effluent modify the transport of pollutants and can thus reduce nearby SO2 deposition from sulfur-containing fossil fuel combustion. Although better dispersion aloft can solve a local problem, if done from numerous sources it can unfortunately cause a regional one, such as the acid rain now evident in the northeastern United States and Canada (see Atmospheric models). References 3—15 discuss atmospheric dilution as a control measure. The better approach, however, is to control emissions at the source. 

Dispersion modeling of credible worse case scenarios indicates the one-hour exposure to nearest human receptor exceeds ERPG-2 level or equivalent. 

Many sophisticated models and correlations have been developed for consequence analysis. Millions of dollars have been spent researching the effects of exposure to toxic materials on the health of animals the effects are extrapolated to predict effects on human health. A considerable empirical database exists on the effects of fires and explosions on structures and equipment. And large, sophisticated experiments are sometimes performed to validate computer algorithms for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of toxic materials. All of these resources can be used to help predict the consequences of accidents. But, you should only perform those consequence analysis steps needed to provide the information required for decision making. 

Sissons, C. H., and Cutress, T. W. (1987). In-vitro urea-dependent pH-changes by human salivary bacteria and dispersed, artificial-mouth, bacterial plaques. Arch. Oral Biol. 32, 181-189. 

Scheuch, G., and Stahlhofen, W. (1992). Deposition and dispersion of aerosols in the airways of the human respiratory tract the effect of particle size. Exper. Lung Res. 18, 343-358. 

Source terms for dispersion and other models Uncertainties in effects modeling -Animal data inappropriate for humans (especially for toxicity) Mitigating effects may be omitted... 

Proteins. A chiral stationary phase with immobilized a -acid glycoprotein on silica beads was introduced by Hermansson in 1983 [18, 19]. Several other proteins such as chicken egg albumin (ovalbumin), human serum albumin, and cellohy-drolase were also used later for the preparation of commercial CSPs. Their selectivity is believed to occur as a result of excess of dispersive forces acting on the more retained enantiomer [17]. These separation media often exhibit only modest loading capacity. 

For additional evaluation of the effect of hydrophobization and the molecular weight of the polymers on the biological immuno-stimulating activity, we investigated the ex vivo cytokine (interIeukin-6 [IL-6], and tumor necrosis factor [TNFj-inducing activity from human peripheral whole blood cells of hydrophobized polymers by use of fractionated poly(M A-CDA) with narrow poly-dispersity. Since this assay uses the intact human cells, it shows more accurate results than in vitro assay using cultured cell line [25]. 

FIGURE 5.6 Calcitonin receptor responses, (a) Real-time melanin dispersion (reduced light transmittance) caused by agonist activation (with human calcitonin) of transfected human calcitonin receptors type II in melanophores. Responses to 0.1 nM (filled circles) and lOnM (open circles) human calcitonin, (c) Dose-response curves to calcitonin in melanophores (open circles) and HEK 293 cells, indicating calcium transient responses (filled circles). 

FIGURE 11.3 One-way ANOVA (analysis of variance). One-way analysis of variance of basal rates of metabolism in melanophores (as measured by spontaneous dispersion of pigment due to G,.-protein activation) for four experiments. Cells were transiently transfected with cDNA for human calcitonin receptor (8 j-ig/ml) on four separate occasions to induce constitutive receptor activity. The means of the four basal readings for the cells for each experiment (see Table 11.4) are shown in the histogram (with standard errors). The one-way analysis of variance is used to determine whether there is a significant effect of test occasion (any one of the four experiments is different with respect to level of constitutive activity). 

The applications of a-sulfo fatty acid esters are widely spread as for other surfactants. They can be used in detergents, cleansers, and cosmetic products as well as in the building industry and for the production of synthetic materials and agrochemicals. The main properties for these applications are surface activity, wetting ability, hard water stability, lime soap dispersion power, and good human and environmental safety profiles. 

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