Diseases, dynamics

Huber, M.T., Braun, H.A., and Krieg, J.C. Recurrent affective disorders nonlinear and stochastic models of disease dynamics. Int J Bifurc Chaos 2004,14 635-652. 

Key words Biomarkers, Complex adaptive systems (CASs), Dynamical diseases, Dynamical medicine,... 

Although a thorough review of all models that have been developed for zoonotic pathogens is beyond the scope of this chapter, we will illustrate the general approach for applying models to assist in the understanding of zoonotic disease dynamics in... 

Boyd D.P., Gould R.G., Quinu J.R, Sparks R., Stanly J.H., Herrmansfedt W.B. A proposed dynamic cardiac 3-D densitometer for early detection and evaluation of heart disease., IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., V. NS-26, 1979, p.2724-2727. 

Forced expiration is commonly used to assess pulmonary function in both healthy and impaired individuals. Static measures of lung volumes (TLC, Vj, FRC) fail to detect dynamic changes in pulmonary function that are attributable to disease (e.g., asthmatic airway constriction). Obtaining maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves (Fig. 5.21) permits derivation of key parameters in detecting changes in lung function. 

Some have also predicted a series of thirdhand impacts that might occur if the climate warms and becomes more dynamic. Wildlife populations would be affected (positively and negatively), as would some vegetative growth patterns. The home range of various animal and insect populations might shift, exposing people to diseases that were previously uncommon to their area, and so on. 

Trinucleotide sequences that increase in number (microsateUite instability) can cause disease. The unstable p(CGG) repeat sequence is associated with the fragile X syndrome. Other trinucleotide repeats that undergo dynamic mutation (usually an increase) are associated with Huntington s chorea (CAG), myotonic dystrophy (CTG), spinobulbar muscular atrophy (CAG), and Kennedy s disease (CAG). 

While the fluid mosaic model of membrane stmcture has stood up well to detailed scrutiny, additional features of membrane structure and function are constantly emerging. Two structures of particular current interest, located in surface membranes, are tipid rafts and caveolae. The former are dynamic areas of the exo-plasmic leaflet of the lipid bilayer enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids they are involved in signal transduction and possibly other processes. Caveolae may derive from lipid rafts. Many if not all of them contain the protein caveolin-1, which may be involved in their formation from rafts. Caveolae are observable by electron microscopy as flask-shaped indentations of the cell membrane. Proteins detected in caveolae include various components of the signal-transduction system (eg, the insutin receptor and some G proteins), the folate receptor, and endothetial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Caveolae and lipid rafts are active areas of research, and ideas concerning them and their possible roles in various diseases are rapidly evolving. 

Another well-established area of mechanical finite-element analysis is in the motion of the structures of the human middle ear (Figure 9.3). Of particular interest are comparisons between the vibration pattern of the eardrum, and the mode of vibration of the middle-ear bones under normal and diseased conditions. Serious middle-ear infections and blows to the head can cause partial or complete detachment of the bones, and can restrict their motion. Draining of the middle ear, to remove these products, is usually achieved by cutting a hole in the eardrum. This invariably results in the formation of scar tissue. Finite-element models of the dynamic motion of the eardrum can help in the determination of the best ways of achieving drainage without affecting significantly the motion of the eardrum. Finite-element models can also be used to optimise prostheses when replacement of the middle-ear bones is necessary. 

Baryshnikova OK, Sykes BD (2006) Backbone dynamics of SDF-lalpha determined by NMR interpretation in the presence of monomer-dimer equilibrium. Protein Sci 15 2568-2578 Becker EB, Bonni A (2004) Cell cycle regulation of neuronal apoptosis in development and disease. Prog Neurobiol 72 1-25... 

Regarding the prevalence of pectinolytic enzymes in the soft rot symptoms, it is noteworthy that the experimental model developed on African violets stresses the dynamic aspect of the disease and illustrates a number of points which have long been questioned. 

It is likely that the dynamic factor may predominate as the cause of symptoms in these patients. In contrast, drug treatment failures after an initial good response to drug therapy will likely be an indication of progressive BPH disease. In such patients, surgical intervention may be indicated. 

The bone disease osteoporosis results when an imbalance occurs in the normal course of bone remodeling, a dynamic and highly regulated... 

Holgate ST. Asthma a dynamic disease of inflammation and repair. Ciba Foundation Symposium 1997 206 5-28. 

Dynamic interaction between primary disease neurobiology and adaptations — measuring overall system response ... 

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