Disease staphylococcal

McCormick J B, Steele J H, Hendricks K (2005). Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-Factsheet. Available http //www.dshs.state.tx.us/idcu/disease/staphylococcal/seb/ factsheet. 

T Cells May Contribute to the Defects in Innate Immune Response in Atopic Dermatitis Most patients with atopic dermatitis are colonized with S. aureus and experience exacerbation of their skin disease after infection with this organism [2]. In patients with S. aureus infection, treatment with anti-staphylococcal substances can result in the reduction of skin disease. Binding of S. aureus to the epidermis is enhanced by atopic skin inflammation. This is supported by clinical studies demonstrating that treatment with topical corticosteroids or tacrolimus reduces S. aureus counts in atopic dermatitis. 

In addition, some patients with atopic dermatitis produce specific IgE antibodies directed against staphylococcal superantigens, which correlate with skin disease severity. Superantigens have been shown to penetrate into the dermis and higher doses have been shown to induce cutaneous inflammation when applied onto the skin. Low doses which do not induce visible clinical inflammation are still able to amplify aeroal-lergen-induced patch test responses [14]. 

Staphylococcus aureus is known for its ability to produce a variety of toxins and many disease syndromes. One of the most frequently observed diseases is staphylococcal tonsillitis. These bacteria are frequently present on tonsils of healthy carriers. Patients that are affected by tonsillitis swallow staphylococci hidden in tonsil crypts. However, in this case staphylococci do not cause any gastrointestinal symptoms in the host organism, even if they enter the gastrointestinal tract. The barrier of gastric juice and conditions in a small intestine inhibit the outgrowth of staphylococci and toxin production -gastroenteritis is caused solely by a toxin produced outside the host organism. 

This drug is effective for infections caused by streptococci, gonococci, pneumococci, staphylococci, and also colon bacillus. Sulfacytine is used for pneumonia, cerebral meningitis, staphylococcal and streptococcal sepsis, and other infectious diseases. A synonym of this drug is renoquid. 

This drug is used for pneumococcal, staphylococcal, and streptococcal infections as well as for sepsis, gonorrhea, and other infectious diseases. Synonyms of this drug are sulfadi-amezin and sulfadimidin. 

Sexually transmitted diseases When treating gonococcal infections in which primary and secondary syphilis are suspected, perform proper diagnostic procedures, including darkfield examinations and monthly serological tests for at least 4 months. Resistance The number of strains of staphylococci resistant to penicillinase-resistant penicillins has been increasing widespread use of penicillinase-resistant penicillins may result in an increasing number of resistant staphylococcal strains. 

Note Do not use tetracyclines for streptococcal disease unless organism has been shown to be susceptible. Tetracyclines are not the drugs of choice in treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection. 

Bacillus subtilis spores Trichosporon cutaneum Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Newcastle disease, Brucella melitensis Nephridium cells... 

Rifampin is used in a variety of other clinical situations. An oral dosage of 600 mg twice daily for 2 days can eliminate meningococcal carriage. Rifampin, 20 mg/kg/d for 4 days, is used as prophylaxis in contacts of children with Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. Rifampin combined with a second agent is used to eradicate staphylococcal carriage. Rifampin combination therapy is also indicated for treatment of serious staphylococcal infections such as osteomyelitis and prosthetic valve endocarditis. Rifampin has been recommended also for use in combination with ceftriaxone or vancomycin in treatment of meningitis caused by highly penicillin-resistant strains of pneumococci. 

Orbital cellulitis is an infection of the orbital contents posterior to the orbital septum. Streptococci and staphylococci are common bacterial isolates. Many regimens exist for empiric treatment of this disease, but no regimen has been tested in clinical trials. Intravenous nafcillin can be used as initial therapy for orbital cellulitis, especially when a staphylococcal infection is suspected or known (see Table 11-1). 

When patients are suspected of having underlying staphylococcal disease, both inflammatory and bacterial components can be managed with a steroid-antibiotic combination. Initial doses should be administered every 2 to 4 hours, depending on severity, for the first 24 to 48 hours. In most instances, patients obtain dramatic relief from symptoms and can diminish use of the drug in 7 to 10 days. Because of the association of Staphylococcus with eyelid disease, lid therapy should be instituted. Antibiotic ointments such as erythromycin, bacitracin,... 

Patients with CIE complain of pain, tearing, foreign body sensation, and photophobia. When asked, they often report a history of soft contact lens wear or staphylococcal lid disease. CIE is common in adults but is quite rare in children. 

It acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis, bacteria being sensitive to this effect at much lower concentrations than mammalian cells it is particularly effective against mycobacteria that lie semidormant within cells. Rifampicin has a wide range of antimicrobial activity. Other uses include leprosy, severe Legionnaires disease (with erythromycin or ciprofloxacin), the chemoprophylaxis of meningococcal meningitis, and severe staphylococcal infection (with flucloxacillin or vancomycin). 

In assessing the use of hexachlorophene in the nursery, one also has to consider the fact that infections with highly infective strains of staphylococci, producing serious life-threatening diseases, do not appear to be prevented or aborted by hexachlorophene bathing, and the problem that reduced staphylococcal colonization of infants by hexachlorophene may lead to an increased number of infections with Gram-negative bacteria. 

Amon RB, Dimond RL. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Rapid differentiation between staphylococcal- and drug-induced disease. Arch Dermatol 1975 lll(ll) 1433-7. 

A typical case of vancomycin-induced neutropenia has been reported in a 39-year-old woman with sickle cell SS disease treated with vancomycin for methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia (50). However, in addition to neutropenia, the clinical course was defined by a febrile period characteristic of drug fever, with delayed onset and resolution 48 hours after vancomycin was withdrawn. In this case, fluconazole and cefazoline were also administered, but their contribution to neutropenia was judged unlikely (negative rechallenge with fluconazole, withdrawal of cefazoline after less than 5 days of therapy). 

When contaminated food is ingested, the toxins, not the bacteria, produce the illness. Since this food poisoning is not an infectious disease antibiotics are of no value. Most cases do not require hospitalization but fluid replacement may be required. Prevention of staphylococcal food poisoning by cleanliness of food preparation areas, proper refrigeration, and good hand washing is the most effective control strategy. 

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