Communicable disease

A disease outbreak with zoonotic (a disease communicable from animals to humans) impact... 

Workers who work with items possibly contaminated with diseases communicable to humans, including tissue, fluids, fecal materials, and equipment which has come into contact with any of these, should be offered appropriate immunizations, if safe effective vaccines are available. Tetanus shots are recommended for all who work with animals, while those who work with wild animals should be ofleied rabies vaccinations. A preemployment medical examination is mandatory and should include medical and work histories. Periodic examinations may be desirable and should be considered. Any worker who may come into contact with human or primate tissue, blood, and fluids must receive training to meet the standards of the OSHA bloodbome pathogen standard and be offered shots for Hepatitis-B. 

Animal disease Communicable disease, infection Research laboratories, research animal colonies, animal science, veterinary science, farms HHS Pub. (CDC) 84-8395 (Biosafety), local health regulations... 

Gonorrhea. Gonorrhea, caused by Neisseriagonorrheae is the most commonly reported communicable disease in the United States. Approximately lO cases were reported to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in 1979, but actual cases could be two to three times higher (99,100). In addition, an increasing number of strains are becoming resistant to penicillin, the antibiotic that is usually used to treat this disease. 

A. S. Benson, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases in Man, 14th ed, American PubHc Health Association, Washington, D.C., 1985, 485 pp. 

Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, 16th ed., Benenson AS, ed. (APHA, 1995). 

Response personnel should be awcire of the possibility of exposure to communicable diseases while handling a victim during a rescue. Transmission routes include blood, bodily fluids and droplet contamination via breathing. Use of bauriers such as impermeable gloves, masks and body coverings and frequent hand washing and removal of any bodily fluids on the skin wll minimize expx>sure. 

Federal authority to establish standards for drinking water systems originated with the enactment by Congress in 1883 of the Interstate Quarantine Act, which authorized the Director of the United States Public Health Services (USPHS) to establish and enforce regulations to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases. 

Infectious communicable bioaerosols contain bacteria or virus within small droplet nuclei produced from the drying of larger liquid droplets and can transmit disease. 

Discusses tuberculosis, its causes and communicability, and the need for long-term therapy for disease control. 

Leprosy is a chronic, communicable disease spread by prolonged, intimate contact with an infected person. Peripheral nerves are affected, and skin involvement is present. Lesions may be confined to a few isolated areas or may be fairly widespread over the entire body. Treatment with the leprostatic drugs provides a good prospect for controlling the disease and preventing complications. 

Parts 800 to 1299. Medical devices and radiological health. Regulations under the Federal Import Milk Act, the Federal Tea Importation Act, the Federal Caustic Poison Act, and for control of communicable diseases and interstate conveyance sanitation. 

World Health Organization (2007) Flooding and communicable diseases. Fact sheet, World Health Organisation, Geneva, www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood cds/en/... 

Anonymous (2000) Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a contaminated municipal water supply. Canada Communicable Disease Report, vol 26. Walkerton, ON, pp 170-173, May-June 2000... 

This is an acute, non-invasive infectious disease associated with the upper respiratory tract (Chapter 4). The incubation period is fiom 2 to 5 days although the disease remains communicable for up to 4 weeks. A low molecular weight toxin is produced which affects myocardium, nervous and adrenal tissues. Death results in 3-5% of infected children. Diphtheria immunization protects by stimulating the production of an antitoxin. This antitoxin will protect against the disease but not against infection of the respiratory... 

Hepatitis Delta. Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. World Health Organization, http // www. who.int/ csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisD whocdscsrncs200 l l.pdf. Accessed August 29,2005. 

O Tuberculosis (TB) is the most prevalent communicable infectious disease on earth and remains out of control in many developing nations. These nations require medical and financial assistance from developed nations in order to control the spread of tuberculosis globally. 

Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, Federal Security Agency, Savannah, Ga. 

Federal Security Agency, Pub. Health Service, Atlanta, Ga., Communicable Disease Center... 

Aavitsland, P. and Nygard, K. (2004) Outbreak of Salmonella Thompson Infections. MSIS - Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases. 

Chin, James, ed. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed. Washington, DC American Public Health Association, 2000. 

Some diseases caused by bacteria are communicable and easily transferred from an infected individual to anyone in close proximity. Typically, this occurs when the infected individual coughs or sneezes creating an infectious aerosol. These aerosols enter the body of a new host through inhalation and /or contact of the aerosol with the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth. In addition, although intact skin is an effective barrier against most pathogens, abrasions, or lacerations circumvents this protective barrier and allows entry of the pathogen into the body. 

Infected individuals Unless the individual is reporting directly from the scene of an attack (e.g., "anthrax" letter, aerosol release, etc.) then decontamination is not necessary. Use standard protocols for individuals that may be infected with a communicable disease transmissible via an aerosol. 

Acha, Pedro N., and Boris Szyfres. Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, Scientific and Technical Publication No. 580. 3rd ed. Vol. 1, Bacterioses and Mycoses. Washington, DC Pan American Health Organization, 2003. 

It is normally found only in Australia. The natural reservoir is fruit bats (Pteropus species), however, there is no evidence of direct transmission from bats to humans. Special precautions should be taken when examining a horse suspected of having the disease or performing a necropsy. Although it is not considered highly communicable, this is an enhanced biosafety level 3 agent. 

Communicability Direct person-to-person transmission does not occur. Humans can infect new lice for up to 1 year after the disease. When dealing with infected individuals, use standard contact precautions and protect from vectors. 

The pathway of exposure (e.g., inhalation, lacerations) can also cause a significant change in the incubation time required as well as the clinical presentation of the disease. Diseases caused by fungi are not communicable and cannot be transferred directly from an infected individual to anyone else. 

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