Disaster scenarios

Sidebar 4.1. Toxic or Flammable Chemical Disaster Scenarios... 

By brainstorming about potential disaster scenarios and the scope of resources anticipated to be needed under each scenario, the intensity and duration of the mental health response can also be anticipated. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2004) has developed a population exposure model that planners can use to estimate the psychological impact of mass violence and terrorism and, therefore, the resources that might he needed. The model s underlying principle is that individuals who are most personally, physically, and psychologically exposed to trauma and the disaster scene are likely to he affected the most (Figure 5.1). 

START triage plan for disaster scenarios. (1996). ED Management, 8(9 suppl), 101, 103-104. 

There are several types of alternate formats, most of which would not be applicable in a disaster scenario. The ADA regulations suggest large print, Braille, audiotape, computer diskettes, and use of Web sites. Only the first two choices would have any practicality in a disaster scenario. Few, if any, evacuees will bring tape recorders or laptops with them. For many years the... 

Procedures and plans supporting business continuity (Disaster Recovery Plans and Contingency Plans) must be specified, tested, and approved before the system is approved for use. Business Continuity Plans will normally be prepared for a business or an operational area rather than for individual computer systems. It is likely that the only way to verify the plan is to walk through a variety of disaster scenarios. Topics for consideration should include catastrophic hardware and software failures, fire/flood/lightning strikes, and security breaches. Alternative means of operation must be available in case of failure if critical data is required at short notice (e.g., in case of drug product recalls). Reference to verification of the Business Continuity Plans is appropriate during OQ/PQ. 

Some pharmaceutical mamrfacturers are implementing extranet web-enabled applications established with suppliers and business partners. Extranet includes Virtual Private Networking (VPN) and offer cheaper Web solutions. Remote node access is achieved using a client with a browser connected to a corporate Web address or Universal Resource Locator (URL). The challenge is ensuring security across the Internet link. A secure session or tunnel is established between the VPN server and the end user workstation. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and telecommunications carriers are endeavoring to provide a managed extranet/VPN service to corporate subscribers. A major benefit of Web-enabled applications is the ability to recover from disaster scenarios. Business Continuity Plans can actively make use of such applications. 

Contingency Plans (sometimes referred to as Business Continuity Plans) must be in place and tested regularly, including any standby systems. It is estimated that only 15 percent of organizations have a tested and effective plan. Such plans would include details of how the system would be recovered in the event of one of several disaster scenarios. Details of a backup system would be outlined, whether an alternative system or paper data. Companies who have such plans in place run periodic tests to ensure that the plan would aaually work in the event of a disaster. 

Why is NT a controversial area of research in the eyes of the public, at least the small part of the public that has heard of and knows a bit about it The public perceives NT as controversial for three reasons its novel properties, product size, and disaster scenarios. 

Disaster scenarios. A third factor that has contributed to the view that NT is a controversial area of research is the fact that imaginative and well-informed authors have created narratives of nanodevices that self-replicate and learn. In some visions, ffiose who created such devices to serve their purposes lose control over them, sometimes to great human and/or environmental harm. ... 

Project LessLoss on Risk Mitigation for Earthquakes and Landslides, Sub-Project 10 -Earthquake disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling for urban areas, Sixth Framework Programme. 

Spence, R., Pitilakis, K., Kakderi, K., Ansal, A., Erdik, M., Costa, A.C., Sousa, M.L. 2006b. Revised Loss Estimates Based on Alternative Mitigation Actions and Evaluation, Deliverable 115, Project LessLoss on Risk Mitigation for Earthquakes and Landslides, Sub-Project 10 -Earthquake disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling for urban areas. Sixth Framework Programme. 

Abstract This chapter presents a stochastic optimization model for disaster management planning. In particular, the focus is on the integrated decisions about the distribution of relief supplies and evacuation operations. The proposed decisionmaking approach recommends the best relief distribution centers to use as storage locations and determines their optimal inventory levels. The model also incorporates the priorities for the evacuation of particular communities, as well as specific disaster scenarios with estimates of the transportation needs and demand for aid. A case study is presented to determine the distribution of aid for a flood emergency in Thailand that uses a flood hazard map. 

Optimization (1) is to minimize, as the objective function, the cost of opening each DC, the cost to ship relief supplies from state level to each DC, and the expected cost of the response stage for each disaster scenario. The expected cost of... 

Using our stochastic approach, we used the flood hazard map for Chiang Mai to generate disaster scenarios that closely match real floods in this area. We considered seven different scenarios, and their probabilities of occurrence are calculated from historical data for the past three decades 0.35,0.20,0.18, 0.12, 0.08,0.05, and 0.02 for scenario 1-7, respectively. Each of these scenarios creates a different demand for relief, depending on how much of the area is affected. 

Program ISOPAR conveniently checked by ANSYS took the total time 3 h to produce the disaster scenario. Stresses, displacements and strains were obtained. Cracks were produced together with plasticity indices and zones. A four-parameter crack theory was considered for the concrete failure. Mostly tendons ruptured or deformed with visible plastic zone. 

As a direct cycle system, a BWR relies on the main feedwater subsystem to supply cooling water to the reactor, and the main steam subsystem to remove heat from the reactor core during normal operation, In the event of an accident or a serious natural disaster, both of these subsystems may be unavailable. To cope with these accident and disaster scenarios, GE and other BWR designers developed alternate heat removal systems (US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, n.d.b). A major goal of a nuclear reactor s emergency procedures is to keep the fuel elements cool, despite their continued production of decay heat energy,... 

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