Dipstick test

Recent innovations for detecting malaria include DNA or RNA probes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). These, however, are not widely available for clinical use. A rapid dipstick test (ParaSight F, Becton-Dickinson, Cockeyville, MD) reportedly has a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 97%, which is comparable to microscopy. However, ParaSight F can give false-positive results with rheumatoid factor thus microscopy remains the optimal test. 

The nitrite test can be used to detect the presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the urine (such as E. coli). The leukocyte esterase test is a rapid dipstick test to detect pyuria. 

Drug/Lab test interactions Because false-positive readings were reported with the Ames N-Muitistix SG dipstick test for urinary protein when gabapentin was added to other antiepileptic drugs, the more specific sulfosalicylic acid precipitation procedure is recommended to determine the presence of urine protein. 

Youth with SUD require frequent visits with the treatment team, especially if they have comorbid psychiatric illness. During each visit, the clinician should monitor the patient s SUD and psychiatric symptoms, their social stressors, their compliance with medication and any adverse effects they may have experienced. Random urine dipstick testing for substances of abuse during the office visit, with tests such as the Roche On Trac system, may be a useful piece of the treatment plan provided that the adolescent is aware... 

A 59-year-old woman presents to an urgent care clinic with a 4-day history of frequent and painful urination. She has had fevers, chills, and flank pain for the last 2 days. Her physician advised her to immediately come to the clinic for evaluation. In the clinic she is febrile (38.5°C [101.3°F]) but otherwise stable and states she is not experiencing any nausea or vomiting. Her urine dipstick test is positive for leukocyte esterase. Urinalysis and urine culture are also ordered. Her past medical history is significant for three urinary tract infections in the past year. Each of these episodes was uncomplicated, treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and promptly resolved. She also has osteoporosis for which she takes a daily calcium supplement. The decision is made to treat her with oral antibiotics for a complicated urinary tract infection with close follow-up. Given her history what would be a reasonable empiric antibiotic choice Depending on the antibiotic choice are there potential drug interactions she should be counseled on ... 

In addition to analyzing compounds, enzyme sensor has been used to determine the freshness of meats. Xanthine oxidase has been used to determine the levels of xanthine and hypoxanthine that are accumulated from purine degradation during muscle aging so as to monitor fish freshness for a long time. Traditional methods including the automated colorimetric method (54) were time consuming. Jahn et al (55) developed a dipstick test by... 

The dipstick test uses the bromphenol blue method for protein that is most sensitive for albumin and is optimized for protein levels/urine pH common in humans (Newman and Price 1999) False positives are thus common in animals because of their higher urine pH and background urine protein (Finco 1997 Loeb and Quimby 1999). A positive result with a urine dipstick test must therefore be followed by a more detailed quantitative and qualitative assessment of the increase in protein excretion in order to determine the site and nature of the renal injury present. 

Dipstick tests designed to assess microalbuminuria in humans (Clinitek Microalbumin Test, Bayer Diagnostics Corporation) are not accurate for use in animals (Pressler et al. 2002). Dipsticks for point-intime assessment of microalbuminuria in dogs and cats are commercially available (Heska Corporation). 

What are the symptoms and signs of a UTI and what is the role of dipstick testing ... 

Where only one symptom or sign of UTI is present, a dipstick test positive for leucocyte esterase or nitrites is associated with a high probability of bacteriuria (80%). If both leucocyte esterase and nitrites are negative, this is associated with a much lower probability of bacteriuria (approximately 20%) (SIGN, 2006). 

Qll Simple concentration and dilution tests can be used to check whether the regulatory mechanisms of the kidney are operating normally. There are also simple dipstick tests for the presence of protein and other abnormal constituents in urine the absence of these abnormal constituents is an indication that renal function has returned to normal. 

False positive readings with the Ames N-Multistix SG dipstick test for urinary protein have been reported when gabapentin was administered with other anticonvulsants... 

Clavulanic acid caused false-positive dipstick tests for leukocytes sulbactam and tazobactam did not (57). 

Beer JH, Vogt A, Neftel K, Cottagnoud P. False positive results for leucocytes in mine dipstick test with common antibiotics. BMJ 1996 313(7048) 25. 

Imipenem caused positive dipstick tests for leukocytes in patients with agranulocytosis and normal urinary sediments. This phenomenon was reproducible in vitro with imipenem, meropenem, and clavulanic acid. Sulbactam, tazobactam, three penicillins, three cephalosporins, and the basic structures of penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams tested negative (50). 

Qualitative detection of excess protein in urine is largely based on use of dipstick tests. The reactive portion of the stick is coated with a buffered indicator that develops color in the presence of protein. A typical example is Albustix (Bayer Corporation, Diagnostics Division, Tarrytown, NY), in which bromphenoi blue, buffered to pH 3 with citrate, is present mostly in the protonated, yellow form. When protein is added, the affinity of the anionic form of the indicator dye for protein causes a shift of the equilibrium between anionic and protonated forms of the indicator toward formation of the blue anionic species. The intensity of the shade of blue produced is then proportional to the concentration of protein in the specimen. Combur 8 strips (Roche Diagnostics, Inc., Indianapolis, IN) are said to be less subject to drug interferences. Their detection hmit is 7mg/dL. 

The dipstick test for total protein includes a cellulose test pad impregnated with tetrabromphenol blue and a citrate pH 3 buffer. The reaction is based on the protein error of indicators phenomenon in which certain chemical indicators demonstrate one color in the presence of protein and another in its absence. Thus tetrabromphenol blue is green in the presence of protem at pH 3 but yellow in its absence. The color is read after exactly 60s and the test has a lower detection limit of 150 to 300mg/L, depending on the type and proportions of protein present. The reagent is most sensitive to albumin and less sensitive to globulins, Bence Jones protein, mucoproteins, and hemoglobin. 

The presence of hemoglobin in the urine may be due to glomerular, tubulointerstitial, or postrenal disease, although the latter two causes are the more common. The presence of blood in the urine can be detected by the use of a phase contrast microscope to determine the presence of red cells in the urine sediment or by use of a dipstick test. The chemical detection of hemoglobin in urine depends on the peroxidase activity of the protein, employing a peroxide substrate and an oxygen acceptor. 

Biochemical diagnosis can be made by detection of excess sulfite in urme using the Merckoquant sulfite dipstick test (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples should not be evaluated until at least 10 days after birth and should be tested within 10 minutes of collection. Another type of molybdenum cofactor deficiency can be confirmed by finding a low plasma uric acid. Specialized centers... 

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