Dimethyl carbonate properties

Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), 3 274 present in water and food, 3 276t Dimethylbenzyl carbinol, aroma chemical derived from toluene, 3 234 N, AT-Dimethylbenzyl vinyl amine (DMBVA), 20 487 Dimethylbismuthine, 4 18, 26 Dimethylbromostibine, 3 68 Dimethylcadmium, 4 516-517 physical properties of, 4 517t Dimethyl carbonate, 6 313-314... 

The properties of dimethyl carbonate, (MeO)2CO, as an ambident electrophile have been investigated by analysis of the products of its reaction with various nucleophiles having different hard-soft character. Results were in good agreement with the Hard-Soft Acid-Base theory, hard nucleophiles attacking the hard C=0 group and soft nucleophiles the soft Me group (Scheme ll).37... 

As already mentioned, salt-containing liquid solvents are typically used as electrolytes. The most prominent example is LiPF6 as a conductive salt, dissolved in a 1 1 mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) as 1 molar solution. It should be mentioned that this electrolyte is not thermodynamically stable in contact with lithium or, for example, LiC6. Its success comes from the fact that it forms an extremely stable passivation layer on top of the electrode, the so-called solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) [35], Key properties of such SEI layers are high Li+ and very low e conductivity - that is, they act as additional electrolyte films, where the electrode potential drops to a level the liquid electrolyte can withstand [36],... 

Powder X-Ray diffraction was employed to identify the crystalline phase of the prepared powder samples. Rietveld refinement was then performed on the XRD data to obtain the lattice constants. The electrochemical properties of LiCo,YyMn2 x.y04 powders were characterized in Li/LiCo,.YyMn2.,..y04 cells. The working electrodes were prepared by mixing polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF), carbon black and LiCo,YyMn2.x.y04 powders in the ratio of 8 12 80% w/w, respectively. Electrochemical measurements were performed using lithium metal as counter and reference electrodes. The electrolyte was 1. OM anhydrous LiC104 dissolved in a 1 1 v/v ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate mixture. The cell was cycled at a current rate of 0.2C between 3.6 and 4.3V, unless otherwise specified. 

Tomishige, K. Sakaihori, T. Sakai, S.-I. Fujimoto, K. Dimethyl carbonate synthesis by oxidative carbonylation on activated carbon supported CUCI2 catalysts catalytic properties and structural change. Appl. Catal. A. 1999,181, 95-102. 

Y Steele, R D Chirico, S E Knipmeyer, A Nguyen, N K Smith. Thermodynsmic properties and ideal-gas enthalpies of formation of dicyclohexyl sulfide, diethyl-enetriamine, di-n-octyl sulfide, dimethyl carbonate, piperazine, hexachloroprop-1-ene, tetrakis (dimethylaminojethylene, N,N -bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine, and l,2,4-triazolo l,5-a pyrimidine. J Chem Eng Data42 1031-1052,1997. 

Solid base catalysts have gradually gained importance in the catalytic field due to their well-known advantages of non-corrosive and easier product separation[l]. However, in contrast to the extensive application of solid acid catalysts, the utilization of solid bases was limited for their rapid catalytic deactivation [2]. The deactivation problem was also foimd in the continuous synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC). DMC has attracted more and more attention in recent years because of its low toxic and nicely biodegradable property [3,4]. Transesterification between methanol and propylene carbonate (PC) or ethylene carbonate (EC) is an attractive route for the synthesis of DMC. Both acid and base catalysts catalyze the reaction, and base catalyst was reported to be more effective [5]. Among bases, CaO showed unique catalytic activity for the transesterification reaction with high yield and selectivity [6]. Unfortunately, when CaO based catalyst was employed in the continuous synthesis of DMC, its activity gradually decayed with time-on-stream due to... 

The transesterification of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to diethyl carbonate (DEC) represents a complex reaction system including five components and three binary azeotropes shown in Table 10.5. The characteristics of some binary mixtures of the substances involved in the reaction system have been investigated by Franchesconi and coworkers [114-116], Luo et al. [117-119] and Rodriguez et al. [120, 121], resulting in a good description of the required thermodynamic properties. 

Y. Sasaki, H. Miura, K. Tominaga, N. Nanbu, Electrochemistry 2002, 70, 334-336. Electrolytic properties and application to a lithium battery of ternary solvent electrolytes with ethylene carbonate - dimethyl carbonate - 3-methylsydnone and 3-ethylsydnone. 

Fig 2.5 Properties of dimethyl carbonates and its fluoiinated derivatives, (a) relative permittivity (b) viscosity (c) electrolytic conductivity (d) oxidation potential (e) lithium cycling efficiency... 

Nanbu, N. Takehara, M. Watanabe, S. Ue, M. Sasaki, Y., Polar effect of successive fluori-nation of dimethyl carbonate on physical properties. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2007, 80, 1302-1306. 

The most significant heat transfer property of Class II A and Class II B cosolvents is very different for HFC-43-lOmee vs. that for dimethyl carbonate ... 

Figure 2.16 shows the window with these two components inputted and the Component ID of DIMETHYL CARBONATE renamed to an abbreviation of DMC. Clicking the Next button will automatically go to the next input step. In this Properties Specifications window, the UNIQUAC base method is selected for the data regression (see Fig. 2.17). 

Tin dioxide, an n-type semiconductor with a wide bandgap (3.6 eV at 300 K), has been widely studied as a sensor, a (photo)electrode material and in oxidation reactions for depollution. The performance of tin(iv) oxide is closely linked to structural features, such as nanosized crystallites, surface-to-volume ratio and surface electronic properties. The incentive for carbon-dioxide transformation into value-added products led to examination of the electroreduction of carbon dioxide at different cathodes. It has been recognised that the faradic yield and selectivity to carbon monoxide, methane, methanol, and formic acid rely upon the nature of the cathode and pH. ° Tin(iv) oxide, as cathode, was found to be selective in formate formation at pH = 10.2 with a faradic yield of 67%, whereas copper is selective for methane and ethene, and gold and silver for carbon monoxide. Nano-tin(iv) oxide has been shown to be active and selective in the carboigrlation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate at 150 °C and 20 MPa pressure. The catalyst was recyclable and its activity and selectivity compare with that of soluble organotins (see Section 21.5). 

Whole body autoradiography may also be used to expose differences in distribution after different routes of administration. Qoforex (ethyl-A-(2-/>-chlorphenyl-l,l-dimethyl) carbonate) is a drug structurally related to a series of nuclear substituted phenylalkylamines of which amphetamine is the parent compound. It has potent appetite-depressing properties and has been widely used in the treatment of obesity. Compounds used for obesity, how-... 

Tomishige K, Ikeda Y, Sakaihori T, Fujimoto K (2000) Catalytic properties and structure of zirconia catalysts for direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and... 

La KW, Jung JC, Kima H, Baeck SH, Song IK (2007) Effect of acid-base properties of H3PWi204o/CexTii x02 catalysts on the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from methanol and carbon dioxide a TPD study of H3PWi204o/CexTii x02 catalysts. J Mol Catal A Chem 269 41-45... 

Tomishige, K. Ikeda, Y. Sakaihori, T Fujimoto, K. Catalytic Properties and Structure of Ziieonia Catalysts for Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide. J.Ca i/.2000,192,355-362. 

Bian, I Xiao, M. Wang, S.J. Lu, Y.X. Meng, YZ. Carbon Nanotubes Supported Cu-Ni Bimetallic Catalysts and Their Properties for the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide. Applied Surf. Sci. 2009,255,7188-7196. 

La, K.W. Jung, J.C. Kima, H. Baeck, S.-H. Songa, I.K. Effect of Acid-Base Properties of HjPWjjO, Ce Ti, Oj Catalysts on the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Carbonate from Methanol and Carbon Dioxide A TPD Study of H PWijO yCe Tij Oj Catalysts. J. Mol. Catal. A Chem. 2007,269,41 5. 

Fabbri, D., Bevoni, V., Notari, M., Rivetti, F., 2007. Properties of a potential biofuel obtained from soybean oil by transmethylation with dimethyl carbonate. Fuel 86, 690—697. 

Because of the good contact and mechanical flexibility, hquid electrolytes are generally used as ion conductors (e.g. LiPFe in ethylene carbonate / dimethyl carbonate). These are sometimes immobilized by polymers such as PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) [692] to improve the mechanical properties. The conductivity of pure polymeric electrolytes like (Li -containing) PEO (see Fig. 6.12, page 290) is too low for many applications and can be improved by inorganic fiUers (cf. Section 5.8.5a) [368]. 

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