Dilution influence

When two units of the ring internals were installed at H — 2.25 m and H = 4.75 m, the dense-phase region was cut into three layers with a dilute influence zones in between and was thereby itself extended upward, while the solids inventory remained the same. Voidages e for the dilute-phase region and ea for the dense-phase region remain essentially the same, as shown in Fig. 31. In the influence zone of the internals, the radial voidage distribution is considerably flattened, as shown in Fig. 32. Reduced solid concentration in an influence zone is instrumental in suppression of solids mixing between adjacent dense-phase layers. 

In general, with decreasing hydrocarbon partial pressure, unsaturated components such as acetylene, ethylene, propylene, and butadiene increase whereas BTX, pyrolysis fuel oil, and saturated components such as methane, ethane, and propane decrease. Low hydrocarbon partial pressure can be attained either by high steam dilution or by low absolute pressure in the cracking coil, which is determined by furnace outlet pressure and pressure drop in the cracking coil. For each specific case there is an optimum steam dilution. Reduction of steam dilution influences yields, utilities, running times and, in the case of a new ethylene plant, of course, investment costs—but in different ways, either positive or negative. Thus, an optimization has to be carried out to identify the most economic steam dilution. 

The substrate is added by the feed stream and is consumed by the biomass with consumption rate a. In addition, the dilution influences the substrate coneentiation. The substrate balance can be given by ... 

O.G. Divakov, A.V. Eremin, V.S. Ziborov, Gas diluter influence on H2/O2 mixture ignition in weak shock wave. CD-ROM Proceedings of 22-ISSW, paper Jf 3974, Southampton University, 1999... 

Cannizzaro reaction Two molecules of many aldehydes, under the influence of dilute alkalis, will interact, so that one is reduced to the corresponding alcohol, while the other is oxidized to the acid. Benzaldehyde gives benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid. Compare the aldol condensation. 

Aromatic aldehydes react with the dimedone reagent (Section 111,70,2). All aromatic aldehydes (i) reduce ammoniacal silver nitrate solution and (ii) restore the colour of SchifiF s reagent many react with sodium bisulphite solution. They do not, in general, reduce Fehling s solution or Benedict s solution. Unlike aliphatic aldehydes, they usually undergo the Cannizzaro reaction (see Section IV,123) under the influence of sodium hydroxide solution. For full experimental details of the above tests, see under Ali-phalic Aldehydes, Section 111,70. They are easily oxidised by dilute alkaline permanganate solution at the ordinary temperature after removal of the manganese dioxide by sulphur dioxide or by sodium bisulphite, the acid can be obtained by acidification of the solution. 

Sulphur, as sulphide ion, is detected by precipitation as black lead sulphide with lead acetate solution and acetic acid or with sodium plumbite solution (an alkaLine solution of lead acetate). Halogens are detected as the characteristic silver halides by the addition of silver nitrate solution and dilute nitric acid the interfering influence of sulphide and cyanide ions in the latter tests are discussed under the individual elements. 

It must be emphasised that the above Tables must be used with caution. The presence of a specific group cannot always be established with certainty from the presence of the absorption band, particularly in the deformation vibration region on the other hand, the absence of the appropriate absorption band indicates that the grouping is not present. The physical state in which the substance is examined may have an appreciable influence the Tables apply generally to dilute solutions in organic solvents (see Table I). 

Hate 3. All glassware used for the work-up and distillation must be rinsed with a dilute solution of triethylamine in diethyl ether or acetone in order to be sure that traces of acids on the glass walls have been neutralized. Allenic sulfides with the structure C=C=C(SR)-CH- isomerize under the influence of acids to give conjugated dienes, C=C-C(SR)=C. 

In general, the sensitivity of FIA is less than that for conventional methods of analysis for two principal reasons. First, as with chemical kinetic methods, measurements in FIA are made under nonequilibrium conditions when the signal has yet to reach its maximum value. Second, dispersion of the sample as it progresses through the system results in its dilution. As discussed earlier, however, the variables that influence sensitivity are known. As a result the FIA manifold can be designed to optimize the sensitivity of the analysis. 

To isolate polymer chains from one another, we consider a solution which is sufficiently dilute that the domains of the individual polymer molecules are well separated from each other. For the present, we assume the solvent has no influence on the polymer but merely supports the molecule. In fact, this is not generally the case, although it can be achieved by proper choice of solvent or temperature. 

Jiftertaste. The experience that, under certain conditions, foUows removal of the taste stimulus it may be continuous with the primary experience or may foUow as a different quaUty after a period during which swallowing, saUva, dilution, and other influences may have affected the stimulus substance. 

Volatilization. The susceptibility of a herbicide to loss through volatilization has received much attention, due in part to the realization that herbicides in the vapor phase may be transported large distances from the point of application. Volatilization losses can be as high as 80—90% of the total applied herbicide within several days of application. The processes that control the amount of herbicide volatilized are the evaporation of the herbicide from the solution or soHd phase into the air, and dispersal and dilution of the resulting vapor into the atmosphere (250). These processes are influenced by many factors including herbicide application rate, wind velocity, temperature, soil moisture content, and the compound s sorption to soil organic and mineral surfaces. Properties of the herbicide that influence volatility include vapor pressure, water solubility, and chemical stmcture (251). 

The amount of water employed for hydrolysis also has a dramatic influence on gelation time. Eor an R, ie, mole ratio of water to siUcon alkoxide, of 2, is about 7 hs when the gelation process is held at 70°C and HF is present as catalyst for i = 8, / decreases to 10 min (3). For low water contents, an increase in the amount of hydrolysis water decreases the gelation time, although there is a dilution effect. For higher water content, the gelation time increases with the quantity of water. 

A finite time is required to reestabUsh the ion atmosphere at any new location. Thus the ion atmosphere produces a drag on the ions in motion and restricts their freedom of movement. This is termed a relaxation effect. When a negative ion moves under the influence of an electric field, it travels against the flow of positive ions and solvent moving in the opposite direction. This is termed an electrophoretic effect. The Debye-Huckel theory combines both effects to calculate the behavior of electrolytes. The theory predicts the behavior of dilute (<0.05 molal) solutions but does not portray accurately the behavior of concentrated solutions found in practical batteries. 

The amount of promoter used can also be a variable in influencing the degree of CO combustion. A promoted catalyst system can be classified as fully or partially promoted. A partially promoted system is one in which an increase in promoter content results in a decrease in the dilute-dense AT... 

Disubstituted and trisubstituted 3-isonitrosopyrroles rearrange to 3-acylisoxazoles under the influence of hot, dilute mineral acids. For example, isonitrosotriphenylpyrrole (436), when treated with boiling alcoholic mineral acid, is converted into 3-benzoyl-4,5-diphenyl-isoxazole (437) (62HC(17)1, p. 34). 

Dilute This is a fully expanded condition in which the solids particles are so widely separated that they exert essentially no influence upon each other. Specifically, the solids phase is so fuUy dispersed in the gas that the den sity of the suspension is essentially that of the gas phase alone (Fig. 12-29). Commonly, this situation exists when the gas velocity at all points in the system exceeds the terminal setthng velocity of the solids and the particles can be lifted and continuously conveyed by the gas however, this is not always true. Gravity settling chambers such as prilling towers and countercurrent-flow spray diy-ers are two exceptions in which gas velocity is insufficient to entrain the sohds completely. 

Although it is entirely possible for erosion-corrosion to occur in the absence of entrained particulate, it is common to find erosion-corrosion accelerated by a dilute dispersion of fine particulate matter (sand, silt, gas bubbles) entrained in the fluid. The character of the particulate, and even the fluid itself, substantially influences the effect. Eight major characteristics are influential particle shape, particle size, particle density, particle hardness, particle size distribution, angle of impact, impact velocity, and fluid viscosity. 

The first element, dynamic dilution, provides a reproducible sample for each panelist. The system must minimize the loss of the odorant to the walls of the delivery apparatus, provide clean dilution air of odor-free quality, maintain a constant dilution ratio for the duration of a given test, and have no memory effect when going from high to low concentrations or switching between odorants of different character. The type of mask or port and the delivery flow rate have been found to influence the response of panelists in determining odor threshold and intensity. 

---