Diluents chlorinated

Miscellaneous. Both whiting and hydrated lime are used as diluents and carriers of pesticides, such as lime—sulfur sprays, Bordeaux, calcium arsenate, etc. The most widely used bleach and sterilizer, high test calcium hypochlorite, is made by interacting lime and chlorine (see Bleaching AGENTS). Calcium and magnesium salts, such as dicalcium phosphate, magnesium chloride, lithium salts, etc, are made directly from calcific and dolomitic lime and limestone. 

Sucralose is quite stable to heat over a wide range of pH. However, the pure white dry powder, when stored at high temperature, can discolor owing to release of small quantities of HCl. This can be remedied by blending it with maltodextrin (93) and other diluents. The commercial product can be a powder or a 25% concentrate in water, buffered at pH 4.4. The latter solution may be stored for up to one year at 40°C. At lower pH, there is minimal decomposition. For example, in a pH 3.0 cola carbonated soft drink stored at 40°C, there is less than 10% decomposition after six months. The degradation products are reported to be the respective chlorinated monosaccharides, 4-chloro-4-deoxy-galactose (13) and l,6-dichloro-l,6-dideoxy-fmctose (14) (94). 

Calcium hypochlorite is the principal commercial soHd hypochlorite it is produced on a large scale and marketed as a 65—70% product containing sodium chloride and water as the main diluents. A product with a significantly higher available chlorine, av CI2, (75—80%) has been introduced by Olin. Calcium hypochlorite is also manufactured to a smaller extent as a hemibasic compound (- 60% av Cl ) and to a lesser extent in the form of bleaching powder (- 35% av CI2). Lithium hypochlorite is produced on a small scale and is sold as a 35% assay product for specialty appHcations. Small amounts of NaOCl ate employed in the manufacture of crystalline chlorinated ttisodium phosphate [56802-99-4]. 

Chlorine free radicals used for the substitutioa reactioa are obtaiaed by either thermal, photochemical, or chemical means. The thermal method requites temperatures of at least 250°C to iaitiate decomposition of the diatomic chlorine molecules iato chlorine radicals. The large reaction exotherm demands close temperature control by cooling or dilution, although adiabatic reactors with an appropriate diluent are commonly used ia iadustrial processes. Thermal chlorination is iaexpeasive and less sensitive to inhibition than the photochemical process. Mercury arc lamps are the usual source of ultraviolet light for photochemical processes furnishing wavelengths from 300—500 nm. 

Two variables of primary importance, which are interdependent, are reaction temperature and ch1orine propy1ene ratio. Propylene is typically used ia excess to act as a diluent and heat sink, thus minimising by-products (eqs.2 and 3). Since higher temperatures favor the desired reaction, standard practice generally involves preheat of the reactor feeds to at least 200°C prior to combination. The heat of reaction is then responsible for further increases in the reaction temperature toward 510°C. The chlorine propylene ratio is adjusted so that, for given preheat temperatures, the desired ultimate reaction temperature is maintained. For example, at a chlorine propylene molar ratio of 0.315, feed temperatures of 200°C (propylene) and 50°C (chlorine) produce an ultimate reaction temperature of approximately 500°C (10). Increases in preheat temperature toward the ultimate reactor temperature, eg, in attempts to decrease yield of equation 1, must be compensated for in reduced chlorine propylene ratio, which reduces the fraction of propylene converted and, thus aHyl chloride quantity produced. A suitable economic optimum combination of preheat temperature and chlorine propylene ratio can be readily deterrnined for individual cases. 

Environmental problems associated with PCBs are the result of a number of factors. Several open uses of PCBs have resulted in thein direct introduction into the environment, eg, organic diluents careless PCB disposal practices have resulted in significant releases into aquatic and marine ecosystems higher chlorinated PCBs are very stable in thein persistence in different environmental matrices and by a variety of processes (Fig. 1) PCBs are transported throughout the global ecosystem and preferentiaHy bioconcentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain. 

This concept meshes with another important environmental issue solvents for organic reactions. The use of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents, traditionally the solvent of choice for a wide variety of organic reactions, has been severely curtailed. In fact, so many of the solvents favoured by organic chemists have been blacklisted that the whole question of solvents requires rethinking. The best solvent is no solvent and if a solvent (diluent) is needed then water is preferred. Water is non-toxic, non-inflammable, abundantly available, and inexpensive. Moreover, owing to its highly polar character, one can expect novel reactivities and selectivities for organometallic catalysis in water. 

In the preparation of bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfur difluoride, explosions have occurred when chlorine mono- or tri-fluorides were treated with 2-3 mmol of the sulfide in absence of solvent. Because chlorine trifluoride is known to deprotonate solvents with formation of explosive carbene species, only fully halogenated solvents are suitable as diluents. 

Antimony trichloride-catalysed chlorination of the silane to chlorotrimethylsilane in absence of diluent was explosive at 100°C, but controllable at below 30°C. 

Interaction of the reagents in absence of diluent, according to a published procedure [1], caused an explosion [2], The use of a chlorinated solvent as diluent prevented explosion, confirming an earlier report [3],... 

With the exception of chlorobenzene and 1,2-dichloroethane, halocarbon solvents are unsuitable diluents, as carbon tetrachloride and chloroform may react violently with alkylalumimum derivatives. The hazards of individually mixing 7 alkyla-luminiums with 7 chlorinated solvents have been assessed comparatively. Most of a series of cyclic coordination complexes between triethylaluminium and a-iminoketones decomposed violently when dissolved in halogenated solvents. 

Chemical/Physical. In an alkaline medium or solvent, carrier, diluent or emulsifier having an alkaline reaction, chlorine will be released (Wlndholz et ah, 1983). Technical grade chlordane that was passed over a 5% platinum catalyst at 200 °C resulted in the formation of tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (Musoke et al, 1982). 

Uses. Reactive diluent in epoxy resin systems stabilizer of chlorinated compounds manufacture of rubber... 

Uses. Diluent for epoxy resins stabilizer of chlorinated organic compounds... 

Selection of an appropriate solvent for Friedel-Crafts acylation is an important question since solvents are known to affect regioselectivities.8,9 In many cases acylation is carried out in an excess of the reacting aromatic compound. Aromatics, however, are poor solvents for most Lewis acids and therefore, they merely serve as diluent in biphase systems. Carbon disulfide is a reasonably good solvent just as dichloromethane and dichloroethane. Although AICI3 is insoluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons, they dissolve many of the complexes formed between acyl halides and AICI3. Nitrobenzene and nitromethane are also suitable solvents. Moreover, the 1 1 addition complexes they form with AICI3 allow acylations to be performed under mild conditions often without side reactions. 

Lactose - [CARBOHYDRATES] (Vol 4) - [COLORANTS FORFOOD, DRUGS, COSMETICS AND MEDICALDEVICES] (Vol 6) - [FERMENTATION] (Vol 10) -with chlorates [CHLORINE OXYGEN ACIDS AND SALTS - CHLORIC ACID AND CHLORATES] (Vol 5) -in fruit juices [FRUITJUICES] (Vol 11) -in milk [MILKANDMILKPRODUCTS] (Vol 16) -pharmaceutical diluents [PHARMACEUTICALS] (Vol 18) -in whey pAIRY SUBSTITUTES] (Vol 7)... 

In the control of chlorine disinfectant systems, the effective use of the chlorine for its intended purpose is assumed if the treated water considerably downstream from the chlorinalor contains a residual of chlorine. Depending upon use. lull-contact tinte may be assumed alter len miuules. or the interval may be extended lo several hnurs. The systems also are usually carefully monitored by bacteriological testing. Normally a dose of I lo 2 milligrams of chlorine per liter is adequate lo destroy all bacteria and leave an effective residual. Residuals of 0.1 to 0.2 milligrams per liter are usually maintained in the diluent streams front water-treatment plants as a factor of safely for consumers. 

Is good quality water used as a diluent for the chlorine (never use recirculating water) ... 

Previously, we saw that the extractants used for the extraction of strontium were DC18C6 derivatives or dicarbollide derivatives. Strontium can be effectively extracted with a synergistic mixture of dicarbollide and polyethylene glycols or crown ethers. A drawback of this process is the use of high-polarity diluents, such as nitrobenzene or chlorinated compounds, in order to solubilize the mixture of the extractants.127... 

The OOD(iB)CMPO octyl(phcnyl)-A,A-dw so-butylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide] molecule is a neutral bifunctional organophosphorus extractant selected to recover actinides in the TRUEX process. This extractant is mainly used in mixtures with TBP (added to increase solubility and the loading capacity) in diluents like aliphatic hydrocarbons or chlorinated diluents (CC14 or C12C = CC12) (2,177-180). 

Intensive studies on hydrolysis and gamma radiolysis of OOD(iB)CMPO were carried out in decalin (40), n-dodecane (20, 41, 46), TCE (tetrachloroethylene) (42), and CC14 (40). The stability of CMPO in dodecane was greater than in chlorinated diluents, as shown by G-values established in the presence of an acidic aqueous phase for the disappearance of CMPO in the presence of TBP in the organic phase (to simulate solvent in TRUEX process conditions), G(-CMPO) = 1.2 0.3 in dodecane, and 4.5 0.3 molecules/100 eV in tetrachloroethylene (42). This protective effect of dodecane on CMPO was quite unusual. 

The nature of the organic diluent was proved to influence the stability of BTP molecules. Nitrobenzene and the chlorinated diluent C2H2C14 improved the hydrolytic stability of -PrBTP (236). For radiolysis, the same protective effect was observed in the presence of nitrobenzene. 

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