Diltiazem hydrochloride release

Fig. 12 Diltiazem hydrochloride released (%) as a function of the square root of time and calculated regression lines (—). (From Ref. l)...

A. Gal and A. Nussinovitch, Hydrocolloid carriers with filler inclusion for diltiazem hydrochloride release, 96 168-178, 2007. 

GA McClelland, SC Sutton, K Engle, GM Zentner. The solubility-modulated osmotic pump In vitro/in vivo release of diltiazem hydrochloride. Pharm Res 8 88-92, 1991. 

GM Zentner, GA McClelland, SC Sutton. Controlled porosity solubility- and resin-modulated osmotic delivery systems for release of diltiazem hydrochloride. J Controlled Release 16 237-244, 1991. 

Halloysite was found to be a viable and inexpensive nanoscale container for the encapsulation of biologically active molecules and drugs as was first demonstrated by Price et al. [5-8]. Its physicochemical characterization as a novel drug delivery system was also reported by Levis and Deasy et al. [9,10], who further demonstrated the controlled release of diltiazem hydrochloride and propanol hydrochloride... 

Diltiazem Hydrochloride Cardizem SR 60, 90, 120 mg extended-release capsirles... 

A pulsatile release diltiazem hydrochloride dosage form with a blend of fast, medium, and slow release fractions of a multilayered diltiazem bead was designed.32 Polymeric membrane coating was applied to modulate the time of release. The fast, medium, and slow release fractions... 

Specifications for extended-release products reflect the intended release profile of the product, which in some cases, may be relatively complex. The drug-release specification for Bupropion Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets USP requires 25-45% of the nominal content of drug to have dissolved after one hour, 60-85% after four hours and not less than 80% after eight hours. The specifications for Diltiazem Hydrochloride Extended-Release Capsules USP are even more complex, with 13 different tests being prescribed to cover the various products (Table 1). Other products with multiple profiles include Pentoxifylline Extended-release Capsules USP (10 tests). Lithium Carbonate Tablets USP (4 tests) and Indomethacin Extended-release capsules USP (3 tests). 

Fig. 11 Release profiles of diltiazem hydrochloride from extruded pellets based on various polymers (polymer/drug ratio 1 1 size 2 x 2mm). (From Ref. f)...

Follonier, N. Doelker, E. Cole, E.T. Various ways of modulating the release of diltiazem hydrochloride from hot-melt extruded sustained release pellets prepared using polymeric materials. J. Controlled Release 1995, 36, 243-250. 

Although primarily used as a suspending agent, xanthan gum has also been used to prepare sustained-release matrix tablets. ° Controlled-release tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride prepared using xanthan gum have been reported to sustain the drug release in a predictable manner and the drug release profiles of these tablets were not affected by pH and agitation rate.< >... 

Diltiazem hydrochloride is a calcium ion influx inhibitor (slow channel blocker or calcium antagonist). It has generally been indicated for the treatment of angina and, more recently (2), hypertension. Diltiazem hydrochloride is a potent dilator of coronary arteries and has been shown to increase exercise tolerance in man. It is available for dosing as immediate release tablets and as extended or sustained release capsules and is usually well-tolerated. While some adverse reactions have been reported during diltiazem hydrochloride therapy, it is generally considered to be well-tolerated. In most cases, no causal relationship between the events and diltiazem hydrochloride use has yet to be established (1). 

Prolonged-release (or slow-release) preparations are useful for water-soluble drugs with short biological half-lives. Hydrophobic CyDs, such as ethylated CyDs, with low aqueous solubilities have been demonstrated to work as slow-release carriers of water-soluble drugs such as isosorbide dinitrate, diltiazem hydrochloride, and 5-fluorouracil [19, 38, 39]. For example, 15 has the most prominent retarding effect for water-soluble molsidomine and diltiazem hydrochloride, after oral administration in dogs. The release of isosorbide dinitrate from 16 film was retarded and the plasma drug level after topical application of the film to rat abdominal skin was maintained at 100 ng mL for about 10 h [41]. 

Sengel CT, Hascicek C, Gonul N. Development and in-vitro evaluation of modified release tablets including ethylcellulose microspheres loaded with diltiazem hydrochloride. Journal of Microencapsulation. March 2006 23(2) 135-152. PubMed PMID 16754371. 

Bhunia, T., Goswami, L., Chattopadhyay, D., Bandyopadhyay, A. Sustained transdermal release of diltiazem hydrochloride through electron beam irradiated different PVA hydrogel membranes. Nucl. Instmm. Meth. Phys. Res. B 269, 1822-1828 (2011)... 

S.A. Farhana, S.M. Shantakumar, and L. Narasu, Sustained release of diltiazem hydrochloride from chitosan micro-capsules, Curr DrugDeliv, 6 (3), 238-248, 2009. 

The effects of massing time on the properties of the granules of hydrophilic polymer-based controlled-release formulations were studied by Timmins et al. (43). The formulations consisted of 30% sodium alginate, 10% HPMC, and 50% diltiazem hydrochloride or verapamil hydrochloride. The increase in massing time resulted in an increase in the mean granule size of the formulations. This could be true for all the matrix controlled release formulations, which contain a high concentration of the hydrophilic polymers. 

McGinity J, Repka M. Hot melt extruded films. Drug Deliv Technol 2004 4(7) 40-47. Sood A, Ashokraj Y, Panchagnula R. Use of extrusion spenronization to develop controlled release dosage forms for diltiazem hydrochloride. Pharm Tech 2004 April 62-85. Jalal IM, Malinowski HJ, Smith WE. Tablet granulations composed of spherical-shaped particles. J Pharm Sci 1972 61 1466-1468. 

A polymer for micro encapsulation of diltiazem hydrochloride for sustained release by emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Ind. J. Pharm. Sci., 62 (4), 308-310. 

H. Kojima, K. Yoshihara, T. Sawada, H. Kondo, K. Sako, Extended release of a large amount of highly water-soluble diltiazem hydrochloride by utilizing counter polymer in polyethylene osides (PEO)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix tablets, Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 70 556-562 2008. 

---