Anemia chronic

Anemia, chronic renal failure, anemia in Retrovir treated HIV-... 

Chronic Effects Chronic effects generally occur as a result of long-term exposure, and are of long duration. The term is often used to cover only carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and mutagenicity. These effects are serious concerns in the workplace, however there are many other chronic effects such as blood dyscrasia (e.g., anemia), chronic bronchitis, and liver atrophy. The reader may refer to 52 FR 31884. 

G6PD deficiency Favism Drug sensitive anemia Chronic hemolytic anemia... 

The longer-term effects of immunosuppression, and in particular the residual hematological and immunological abnormalities in patients with aplastic anemia treated with antilymphocjde globulin, have been documented there is toxicity to hemopoietic cells, eventually leading to clonal marrow diseases years after treatment (37). Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, refractory sideroblastic anemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, or acute leukemia can develop 4-10 years after treatment (40). 

An 80-year-old Japanese woman presented with epigastric discomfort and nausea. She had a history of hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, iron deficiency anemia, chronic renal insufficiency, and had taken oral ferrous sulfite for 19 months. Endoscopic examination of the duodenum showed marked pigmentation of the duodenal mucosa. Histological examination showed that the pigment had histochemical features compatible with hemosiderin and was located mainly within macrophage lysosomes in the lamina propria. Ferrous sulfite was withdrawn and the pigmentation disappeared within 7 months. 

Both male and female dogs ingesting 1,3-dichloropropene (15 mg kg day ) for either 13 weeks or 1 year exhibited primarily regenerative hypochromic, microcytic anemia. Chronic exposure via the oral route has also caused neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of the stomach in rats. Hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis of the forestomach and urinary bladder hyperplasia were reported in mice exposed to one formulation of 1,3-dichloropropene (Telone Ilb) for 2 years through inhalation. 

Wilson s disease An inherited condition in which copper fails to be excreted in the bile. Copper accumulates progressively in the liver, brain, kidney, and red blood cells. As the amount of copper accumulates, hemolytic anemia, chronic liver disease, and a neurological syndrome develop. 

K-G Stahlberg. Forms of plasma vitamin B12 in health and in pernicious anemia, chronic myeloid leukemia and acute hepatitis. Scand J Haematol 1 220-222, 1964. 

Simpson, J. A., Seaton, D. A. and Adams, S. F. (1964). Response to treatment with chelating agents of anemia, chronic encephalopathy, and myelopathy due to lead poisoning. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 27, 536-541. 

Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

Aplastic anemia and leukemia are not the only health effects ascribed to benzene exposure. A number of recent studies have associated benzene exposure with chromosomal changes (aberrations) (118). Other studies have shown abnormalities in porphyrin metabolism and decrease in leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity in apparendy healthy workers exposed to 10—20 ppm benzene (119,120). Increases in leukoagglutinins, as well as increases in blood fibrinolytic activity, have also been reported and are believed to be responsible for the persistent hemorrhages in chronic benzene poisoning (121,122). 

Treatment for chronic benzene poisoning is supportive and symptomatic, with chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants as therapeutic agents for leukemia and aplastic anemia (127). 

Several nonoccupational health problems have been traced to cobalt compounds. Cobalt compounds were used as foam stabilizers in many breweries throughout the world in the mid to late 1960s, and over 100 cases of cardiomyopathy, several followed by death, occurred in heavy beer drinkers (38,39). Those affected consumed as much as 6 L/d of beer (qv) and chronic alcoholism and poor diet may well have contributed to this disease. Some patients treated with cobalt(II) chloride for anemia have developed goiters and polycythemia (40). The impact of cobalt on the thyroid gland and blood has been observed (41). 

Azacitidine is used for treating patients with some myelodysplastic syndrome subtypes and chronic mye-lomonocytic leukemia. The most commonly occurring adverse reactions include nausea, anemia, thrombocytopenia, vomiting, pyrexia, leucopenia, diarrhea, fatigue, neutropenia, and ecchymosis. 

Hematologic diseases autoimmune hemolytic anemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, pernicous anemia Kidney disease Goodpasture syndrom, lipoid nephroses, minimal change glomerulonephritis Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, autoimmune atrophic gastritis, Crohn s disease, ulcerative colitis... 

Erythropoietin is a growth factor produced by interstitial cells of the kidney in response to hypoxia. Erythropoietin stimulates haematopoiesis in the bone marrow. Recombinant human erythropoietin is used to treat anemias, e.g. anemia caused by chronic renal failure and anemia in AIDS and cancer patients. 

---