Iodine dietary sources

England, the dietary iodine sources include fish, cows milk, bread, salt (iodi2ed), seaweed and other dairy products. 

The major dietary iodine sources in industrialized countries are dairy and grain products. Other significant contributors are meat, fish, and poultry, and food additives. The amount of iodine from each food will depend on the source, preparation, processing, and volume consumed. As countries become more industrialized, iodine intake tends to increase, but exceptions exist, such as the decline in dietary iodine in the United States during the past decade. The incorporation of iodine into food is driven largely by commercial rather than health interests, and frequently changes with food industry... 

The iodide salt is used as a source of dietary iodine in table salt and animal feed in cloud seeding as a coating in cathode ray tubes as a temperature indicator and as a catalyst in organic reactions. 

A normal rate of thyroid hormone synthesis depends on an adequate dietary intake of iodine. Iodine is naturally present in water and soil, although some soils contain very low amounts. As a result, seafood is a more reliable source of iodine than crop plants. Approximately 1.6 billion people in more than 100 countries live in areas where natural sources of dietary iodine intake are marginal or insufficient. A minimum of 60 j.g of elemental iodine is required each day for thyroid hormone synthesis, and at least 100 j.g/day is required to eliminate thyroid follicular cell hyperplasia and thyroid enlargement (i.e., iodine deficiency goiter). 

Erythrosin (Gr spi/fif/ocr-red), tetraiodofluorescein, was synthesized first by Gnehm [220] and named by him. It has been used as a food coloring for many years and is the red dye of maraschino cherries, Tylenol capsules, and bright red luncheon meats. It is known as FD C Food Dyers and Colorists 3 and has received substantial attention from the FDA over the last 10 years since it causes bladder cancer when ingested in huge amounts by rats. It has recently been banned as a food dye in the United States, but is a source of dietary iodine for the Japanese [221], It is also used as a stain. 

Use Feed additive, in table salt as source of dietary iodine (up to 0.01%), catalyst, cloud seeding. 

Iodine is a mineral that is required for the proper function of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland extracts iodine from nutrients and incorporates it into various hormones. The once-common condition of goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, is an abnormality that results from an effort to compensate for low iodine intake. Goiter can be prevented if iodine is included in the diet. Seafood is one of the best sources of iodine. In areas where seafood is not available, dietary iodine is easily obtained in the form of iodized salt, found in most grocery stores. 

Copper (I) iodide Copper iodide (Cul) Copper monoiodide Copper(1 ) iodide Copper(l) iodide Cuprous iodide EINECS 231-674-6 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 108301 HSDB 271 Hydro-Giene Natural marshite. Used as a feed additive, in table salt as source of dietary iodine, catalyst, in cloud seeding. Solid mpa 588-606° bp= 1290° d = 5.63 insoluble in all solvents. Atomergic Chemetals Blythe, Williams Ltd. Cerac Greet R.W. Co. Mitsui Toatsu Nihon Kagaku Sangyo Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chem. 

The main source of dietary iodine may vary between countries, and even between different areas of the same country. 

Iodine-containing processed foods, such as bread, fish sauce and other foods, play an increasingly significant role in dietary iodine intake in many populations. It has even happened that producers of processed foods use iodized salt unknowingly (Harris et ai, 2003). The practice of processed foods containing iodine has grown to the extent that, in some countries with voluntary salt iodization, iodine-containing processed foods may be the primary source of dietary iodine intake. 

Irrespective of whether the use of iodized salt in the production of processed foods is compulsory or voluntary, the production of iodine-containing processed foods draws the producers of such foods into the iodine nutrition arena. It could therefore be expected that these producers are familiar with the basics of iodine nutrition, the benefits and risks involved, and how their product fits into the iodine nutrition program of the country. Particularly in countries where processed foods are the primary source, or are contributing a significant percentage of dietary iodine intake, these producers need to be educated and well-informed about iodine nutrition. 

As the major sources of iodine in the diet are animal based, it is reasonable to suggest that vegans (a strict vegetarian diet of plant foods only) (Table 45.1) are likely to have a low dietary intake of iodine. So where can vegans obtain their dietary iodine ... 

Kim and Kim (2000) Observational study Korea Higher dietary iodine intake and urinary iodine excretion, with seaweed as the major source, in patients with thyroid disease, including hypothyroidism and Hashimoto s thyroiditis, compared with healthy controls... 

Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones, and iodine deficiency can lead to severe hypothyroidism. On the other hand, excessive iodine intake also results in thyroid dysfunction in certain persons. Coindent described the first case of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in 1821 (Fradkin and Wolff, 1983), and Hurxthal (1945) reported the first case of iodine-induced hypothyroidism. Ingestion of iodine-rich foods, such as seaweed, can cause hyperthyroidism, and the incidence of hyperthyroidism showed an increase in regions of dietary iodine deficiency after prophylactic iodization of bread or salt. Iodine-containing pharmaceuticals, such as povidone-iodine (PVP-I), radiographic contrast media and amiodarone, are a major source of excessive iodine intake (Wolff, 1969 Fradkin and Wolff, 1983 Markou et aL, 2001 Roti and degli Uberti, 2001). 

Iodine intake is variable between and within individual countries for several reasons. Many geographic regions have iodine-poor soil resulting in iodine-poor crops and livestock, and eventually in low dietary iodine intake. The proximity to sources of seafood can also affect iodine intake. Region-specific diets, accessibifity to iodine supplements, the availabihty of iodized salt and the extent of its use in food industries, all affect a population s iodine intake. 

Iodine is a trace element whose only identified role is the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The most important source of dietary iodine in developed countries is dairy products, partly due to the high iodine content in some cattle feed. In... 

Daily iodine intake in Ukrainian subjects ranged from 2.86 to 698 pg per person. The median was 44.7, and the geometric mean and standard deviation were 48.1 and 2.5, respectively. Daily iodine intake in Ukrainians was not a normal distribution, due to skewness (3.60) and kurto-sis (16.9). Daily adult intakes in other countries were summarized by Parr (1992) from 10 reports, and had a range of 0.05—1.05mg d per person and a median of 0.19mgd h Many reports can be found for Japanese subjects with a range of 0.2—20 mg d per person. For example, an important source of dietary iodine is seaweeds, especially kelp ... 

In areas where iodine is not added to the water supply or food products meant for humans or domesticated animals, the primary sources of dietary iodine are saltwater fish. 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes Uses Fertilizers plastics conversion to methane by microorganisms natural flavoring agent, iodine source, dietary supplement in foods and pharmaceuticals chewing gum base ingred. herbal preps. 

Iodine deficiency usually occurs in areas where the soil is low in the mineral, unless iodized salt is used or there are such unsuspected sources of dietary iodine as (a) breads containing iodates as additives or (b) milk from cows which have been fed supplemental iodine, and/or which have had their udders washed with disinfectant solutions that contain iodine compounds. 

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