Water diesel fuel

Direct hydrohquefaction of biomass or wastes can be achieved by direct hydrogenation of wood chips on treatment at 10,132 kPa and 340 to 350°C with water and Raney nickel catalyst (45). The wood is completely converted to an oily Hquid, methane, and other hydrocarbon gases. Batch reaction times of 4 hours give oil yields of about 35 wt % of the feed the oil contains about 12 wt % oxygen and has a heating value of about 37.2 MJ /kg (16,000 Btu/lb). Distillation yields a significant fraction that boils in the same range as diesel fuel and is completely miscible with it. 

Methanol is more soluble in aromatic than paraffinic hydrocarbons. Thus varying gasoline compositions can affect fuel blends. At room temperature, the solubiUty of methanol in gasoline is very limited in the presence of water. Generally, cosolvents are added to methanol—gasoline blends to enhance water tolerance. Methanol is practically insoluble in diesel fuel. 

Sulfur. Sulfur in diesel fuel should be kept below set limits for both environmental and operational reasons. Operationally, high levels of sulfur can lead to high levels of corrosion and engine wear owing to emissions of SO that can react with condensed water during start-up to form sulfuric acids. From an environmental perspective, sulfur bums to SO2 and SO, the exact spHt being a function of temperature and time in the combustion chamber. 

Remediation of groundwater impacted by dense phase chlorinated solvents is more difficult than spills of chemicals such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Gasoline and diesel fuel are less dense than water and tend to float near the surface of the watertable. 

Ashland admitted that Uie usual testing procedures were not employed before putting tlie tank into service. Hydrostatic testing is recommended by the American Petroleum Institute, but pumps large enough to gel water to the lop of tlie lank were not tnailable at the site. An alternate procedure was performed in which the lank was sprayed with diesel fuel and subjected to a vacuum. However, the lank was not inspected by any outside agency prior to use. 

The primary cost variable in barge shipments is fuel a midsize towboat can consume 5000 gal (18.9 kl) of diesel fuel daily. Barge shipments are also dependent on weather conditions low water or frozen rivers and canals can halt shipments. As ivith ocean vessels, the barges that move coal also ship other bulk commodities, making the rates and availability of barges for coal shipments dependent on conditions in other markets. Backliaiils (i.e., shipment of one commodity to a terminal and return with a different product) can substantially reduce coal rates. 

This condition is of concern only when equipment operates in subzero ambient temperatures. Since diesel fuel extracted from crude oil contains a quantity of paraffin wax, at some low ambient temperatures this paraffin will precipitate and create wax crystals in the fuel. This can result in plugging of the fuel filters, resulting in a hard or no-start condition. Any moisture in the fuel can also form ice ciystals. Cloud point temperatures for various grades of diesel and other fuels should be at least 12°C (21.6°F) below the ambient temperature. In cases where cloud point becomes a problem, a fuel water separator and a heater are employed. 

All diesel fuels tend to contain trace water, expressed in parts per million (ppm). With the veiy high fuel injection pressures now used in electronically controlled diesel engine, fuel-filter/water separators are widely used, since water allowed to circulate freely through the injection system can result in seizure of components and erosion of injector orifice holes, and in extreme cases the high compressibility factor of water can blow the tip off of the fuel injector. 

Oil-Base Muds. Oil-base muds contain oil as the continuous phase and water as the dispersed phase. Oil-base muds contain less than 5% (by volume) water, while oil-base emulsion muds (invert emulsions) have more than 5% water in mud. Oil-base muds are usually a mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt the filtrate is oil. 

Alcohols form esters from inorganic acids as shown above. Like all esterifications, these reactions are reversible that is, in the presence of water and the right conditions, they revert to the original alcohol and acid. Nitrate esters are mainly used as explosives, but some have found use as diesel fuel additives. Note the difference between a nitrate ester such as ethyl nitrate (C2H5ONO2) and an organic nitro compound such as nitroethane (C2H5NO2). 

The Fischer-Tropsch process has attracted renewed interest as a way to produce high quality, sulfur-free diesel fuel from natural gas and, possibly, an opportunity to utilize natural gas at remote oilfields. The process represents proven technology and is regarded as an alternative for when oil may no longer be widely available, and one has to resort to natural gas and coal. In a really futuristic scenario one may even contemplate the use of GO and H2 produced by photo-catalytic dissociation of GO2 and water. 

Cassidy DP, RL Irvine (1997) Biological treatment of a soil contaminated with diesel fuel using periodically operated slurry and solid phase reactors. Water Sci Technol 35(1) 185-192. 

Contain less than 3%-6% v-v solids Most contain organic polymer Oil in water and water in oil (reversed phase, with more than 5% water) Contain less than 5% water mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt... 

The response of marine macrophytes on oil dispersion is dependent on the type of both oil and oil dispersant [292]. Germination inhibition of the marine macrophyte Phyllospora comosa was used to assess and compare the effects of oil dispersants and dispersed diesel fuel and crude oil combinations. The inhibition of germination by the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel increased after adding all dispersants investigated. This contrasted with crude oil, in which the addition of some dispersants resulted in an enhanced germination rate. 

Aqueous concentrates can suspend a limited quantity of polymer (ca 0.8 lb/gal) due to the physical swelling and viscosification that occurs in a water-based medium. Higher quantities (up to 5 lb/gal) of solids can be suspended in a diesel fuel carrier fluid. This fact and a desire for greater efficiency of equipment use led to the development of diesel-based SPS concentrates. First used in 1985(167-170), use of these SPS concentrates has spread rapidly(171-173). 

You need to take samples of (a) water suspected of pollution by organic compounds, (b) an unknown white powder and (c) diesel fuel containing anti-theft marker dyes. In each case, decide which of the containers in the following list would be suitable. You can use the same container for more than one application. Containers (i) polyethylene bag with freezer-tie closure, (ii) can with screw top, (iii) glass bottle and (iv) polypropylene bottle. 

Each year the U.S. consumes almost 200 billion gallons of gasoline, diesel fuel and other transportation fuels for road travel. This is about 20% of total U.S. energy consumption. When travel by air, water, and rail is added, including pipelines energy, total transportation energy rises to almost 30% of U.S. energy consumption. 

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