Diesel fuel processing

Rodgers, R. P., White, F. M., Hendrickson. C. L Marshall. A. G. und Andersen, K. V., Resolution, elemental composition, and simultaneous monitoring by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of organosulfur species before and after diesel fuel processing. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 4743-4750. 

Simulation work performed by CutUlo et al. for diesel fuel processing [34] revealed that steam reforming has a higher system efficiency than autothermal reforming when the anode off-gas is utilized. 

Pors, Z, Pasel, J, Tschauder, A, Dahl. R, Peters, R, Stolten, D. Optimised mixture formation for diesel fuel processing. Fuel Cells 2008 8 129-137. 

Lindermeir, A, Kah, S, Kavurucu, S, Miihlner, M. On-board diesel fuel processing for an SOFC-APU—Technical challenges for catalysis and reactor design. Appl. Catal. Environ. 2007 70 488-497. 

Krummrich, S., Tuinstra, B., Kraaij, G., Roes, J. and Olgun, H. (2006) Diesel fuel processing for fuel cells - DESIRE, J. Power Sources, 160, 500-504. 

The chemistry of diesel fuel processing has evolved significantly around the central issue of how to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel fuels and low-aromatic diesel fuels in a more efficient and environmentally friendly fashion. New design approaches are necessary for making affordable ultra-clean diesel and gasoline. 

Hydrocracking makes very good quality diesel fuels concerning the cetane number, cold behavior, stability, and sulfur content. However this type of stock is only available in limited quantities since the process is still not widely used owing essentially to its high cost. 

All modern refineries have conversion units, designed to transform black effluent streams into lighter products gas, gasoline, diesel fuel. Among these conversion units, coking processes take place by pyrolysis and push the cracking reaction so far that the residue from the operation is very heavy it is called coke . 

Diesel fuels, like gasoline, are formulated with additives that affect the process of combustion, in this case to improve the cetane number. Diesel fuels also contain detergents for irijection systems as well as compounds for improving the fuel s low tempierature rheology. Finally, decreasing particulate emissions is a problem of increasing concern, but the mechanism of action to promote this effect is not clearly understood. 

Although lubricant base stocks have been subjected to dewaxing processes, they still contain large amounts of paraffins that result in a high pour point for the oil. In the paragraph on the cold behavior of diesel fuels, additives were mentioned that modify the paraffin crystalline system and oppose the precipitation of solids. 

Lubricants, Fuels, and Petroleum. The adipate and azelate diesters of through alcohols, as weU as those of tridecyl alcohol, are used as synthetic lubricants, hydrauHc fluids, and brake fluids. Phosphate esters are utilized as industrial and aviation functional fluids and to a smaH extent as additives in other lubricants. A number of alcohols, particularly the Cg materials, are employed to produce zinc dialkyldithiophosphates as lubricant antiwear additives. A smaH amount is used to make viscosity index improvers for lubricating oils. 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate [24247-96-7] serves as a cetane improver for diesel fuels and hexanol is used as an additive to fuel oil or other fuels (57). Various enhanced oil recovery processes utilize formulations containing hexanol or heptanol to displace oil from underground reservoirs (58) the alcohols and derivatives are also used as defoamers in oil production. 

Diesel Fuel. Eederal diesel specifications were changed to specify a maximum of 0.05% sulfur and a minimum cetane index of 40 or a maximum aromatics content of 35 vol % for on-road diesel. Eor off-road diesel, higher sulfur is allowed. CARB specifications require 0.05% sulfur on or off road and 10% aromatics maximum or passage of a qualification test. Process technologies chosen to meet these specifications include hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and aromatics saturation. 

In general, when the product is a fraction from cmde oil that includes a large number of individual hydrocarbons, the fraction is classified as a refined product. Examples of refined products are gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oils, lubricants, waxes, asphalt, and coke. In contrast, when the product is limited to, perhaps, one or two specific hydrocarbons of high purity, the fraction is classified as a petrochemical product. Examples of petrochemicals are ethylene (qv), propylene (qv), benzene (qv), toluene, and xylene (see Btx processing). 

The early developments of solvent processing were concerned with the lubricating oil end of the cmde. Solvent extraction processes are appHed to many usefiil separations in the purification of gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and other oils. In addition, solvent extraction can replace fractionation in many separation processes in the refinery. For example, propane deasphalting (Fig. 7) has replaced, to some extent, vacuum distillation as a means of removing asphalt from reduced cmde oils. 

Conventional Transportation Fuels. Synthesis gas produced from coal gasification or from natural gas by partial oxidation or steam reforming can be converted into a variety of transportation fuels, such as gasoline, aviation turbine fuel (see Aviation and other gas turbine fuels), and diesel fuel. A widely known process used for this appHcation is the Eischer-Tropsch process which converts synthesis gas into largely aHphatic hydrocarbons over an iron or cobalt catalyst. The process was operated successfully in Germany during World War II and is being used commercially at the Sasol plants in South Africa. 

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