Diels-Alder furan cycloaddition

Furans are also useful 4ti components for tandem Ugi condensation/intramolecular Diels-Alder cascade reactions. For example, stirring a methanolic mixture of compounds 131-133 and benzylamine at room temperature gave the Ugi condensation product 134 that underwent a subsequent intramolecular Diels-Alder furan cycloaddition (IMDAF) to furnish 135 in 70-90% yield (Scheme 13.35) [69,70]. This methodology also allowed for a solid-phase synthesis by using an ArgoGel-Rink resin as the amine component, thereby providing cycloadducts 135 (after cleavage from the resin) in 90-95% yields. 

Padwa and co-workers have shown that the amides 55 can be conveniently prepared in high yield by [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of an acetylenic dienophile to the corresponding 2-amino oxazole derivative 54 (Eq. (6)). The reaction was extended to intramolecular reactions (e.g. 56 - 57, Eq. (7)), giving convenient 2-aminofuran precursors for further intramolecular Diels Alder furan (IMDAF) reactions (see Section Il.C.l.e) (99JOC3595, 99TL1645). 

Oxazoles readily undergo Diels-Alder type cycloaddition across the 2,5-positions, in parallel with the behaviour of furans (18.7). Thiazole and imidazole do not show this mode of reactivity, however they do react with highly electrophilic alkynes via initial electrophilic addition to the nitrogen, then nucleophilic intramolecular cyclising addition (cf the comparable reactivity of quinohnes, 9.13). ... 

Benzo[Z)]furans and indoles do not take part in Diels-Alder reactions but 2-vinyl-benzo[Z)]furan and 2- and 3-vinylindoles give adducts involving the exocyclic double bond. In contrast, the benzo[c]-fused heterocycles function as highly reactive dienes in [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions. Thus benzo[c]furan, isoindole (benzo[c]pyrrole) and benzo[c]thiophene all yield Diels-Alder adducts (137) with maleic anhydride. Adducts of this type are used to characterize these unstable molecules and in a similar way benzo[c]selenophene, which polymerizes on attempted isolation, was characterized by formation of an adduct with tetracyanoethylene (76JA867). 

Furan, 2,5-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-cycloaddition reactions, 4, 625 Diels-Alder reactions, 4, 77 synthesis, 1, 417 Furan, bromo-dipole moments, 4, 553 Furan, 2-bromo-electron diffraction, 4, 537 reactions, 4, 78 synthesis, 4, 604 Furan, 3-bromo-electron diffraction, 4, 537 Furan, 2-bromomethyl-5-nitro-reactions... 

Further mechanistic evidence comes from trapping experiments. When bromobenzene is treated with KNH2 in the presence of a diene such as furan, a Diels-Alder reaction (Section 14.5) occurs, implying that the symmetrical intermediate is a benzyne, formed by elimination of HBr from bromobenzene. Ben-zyne is too reactive to be isolated as a pure compound but, in the presence of water, addition occurs to give the phenol, in the presence of a diene, Diels-Alder cycloaddition takes place. 

Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 3,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)furan with ethyl propynoate involved addition of two a,/3-unsaturated esters followed by acid-catalyzed ring opening, rearrangement, and elimination of ethanol to give a 6,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)isocoumarin-3-carboxylate [92JFC(56)359]. 

The enantiomerically pure, doubly activated a, /j-olefinic sulfoxides 46-5095 98 undergo highly diastereoselective Diels-Alder cycloadditions with cyclopentadiene, and pyridyl vinylic sulfoxide 5199 reacts diastereoselectively with furan. It is noteworthy that olefins singly-activated by only a sulfinyl group are not effective partners in Diels-Alder cycloadditions, as we have found after many attempts and as has been reported recently98. 

Stable cA-1-phenyl-1-cyclohexene 24 photodimeiizes via Diels Alder cycloaddition to trans adduct 25 (Equation 1.33) [66] and the photoexcitation of dihydrobenzofuran-fused cyclohexenone 26 in net furan gives the trans fused Diels-Alder adduct 27 (Equation 1.34) [67]. 

An example of the Diels Alder reaction of furans is the cycloaddition of 31 with 4,4-diethoxybut-2-ynal (32) which acts as an acetylenedicarbaldehyde synthon to afford 7-oxabicyclo [2.2.1]heptene derivatives [29] which were then converted into substituted cyclohex-l-ene-l,6-dicarbaldehydes by a four-step procedure (Scheme 2.14). 

As vinylbenzofurans allow a large variety of substituted dibenzofurans to be synthesized, 2- and 3-vinylbenzo[b]thiophenes allow an easy entry, by Diels Alder reaction with the appropriate dienophiles, to substituted dibenzo-thiophenes which are not easily accessible by other methods. Vinylbenzo-[bjthiophenes are less reactive than the corresponding vinylbenzo[b]furans. Some cycloaddition reactions of 2-vinylbenzo[b]thiophene (82) with various dienophiles are reported [83] in Scheme 2.34. 

Good yields and high diastereoselectivities were obtained by using zeolites in combination with Lewis-acid catalyst [21]. Table 4.7 illustrates some examples of Diels-Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene and furan with methyl acrylate. Na-Y and Ce-Y zeolites gave excellent results for the cycloadditions of carbocyclic dienes, and combining these zeolites with anhydrous ZnBr2 further enhanced the endo diastereoselectivity of the reaction. An exception is the cycloaddition of furan that occurred considerably faster and with better yield, in comparison with the classic procedure [22], when performed in the presence of sole zeolites. 

Cycloaddition of 125 with buckminsterfullerene (Ceo) at 3 kbar allowed the adduct [48] to be obtained, preventing a retro Diels-Alder process (Scheme 5.19). Cycloadditions of tropone (125) with furans 134 gave mixtures of 1 1 endo-dcad exo-monocycloadducts 135 and 136, respectively [49a], together with some bisadducts. In this case furan reacts solely as the 27t component in spite of its diene system. Whereas 2-methoxy furan gave mainly the kinetically controlled product 135 (R= OMe Ri =R2 =H), under the same conditions 3,4-dimethoxy furan afforded the thermodynamically controlled cycloadduct 136 (R=H Ri =R2 =OMe) as the major product (Scheme 5.19). 

The more reactive furan (139a) undergoes thermal Diels-Alder reaction [52] with reactive dienophiles such as maleic anhydride and maleimide (Scheme 5.21). Whereas the cycloaddition with the maleic anhydride afforded the exoadduct at room temperature, the stereochemistry of the reaction of maleimide depends on the reaction temperature. 

Diels-Alder reaction of the furan derivative 148 with homochiral bicyclic enone 149 is the key step [56] in the total synthesis of the diterpenes jatropho-lone A and B, 151 and 152, respectively, isolated from Jatropha gossypiifolia L [57], Initial efforts to carry out the cycloaddition between 148 and 149 under thermal or Lewis-acid conditions failed due to diene instability. Application of 5kbar of pressure to a neat 1 1 mixture of diene and dienophile afforded crystalline 150 with the desired regiochemistry (Scheme 5.23). Subsequent aromatization, introduction of the methylene group, oxidation and methylation afforded (-l-)-jatropholones 151 and 152. 

The cycloaddition between furan and maleic anhydride was the first uncatalyzed aqueous Diels-Alder reaction reported in the literature and was studied by Diels and Alder themselves [11]. This cycloaddition was successfully revised by Woodward and Baer [12] and some years later by De Koning and coworkers [13]. The aqueous medium was also used in the cycloaddition of aromatic diazonium salts with methylsubstituted 1,3-butadienes [14]. 

The Diels-Alder reaction can be greatly enhanced by high pressure (Chapter 5) but the effect of pressure is generally weaker in aqueous medium than in organic solvent. Results of high pressure-mediated Diels-Alder reactions of furans and acrylates in water and dichloromethane are reported in Table 6.6 [32]. In aqueous medium the cycloadditions occur with lower yields and less diastereoselectivity than in dichloromethane and, in some cases, addition-substitution reactions were observed. 

The reaction of furan with 2,5-dihydrothiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic anhydride is remarkable (Scheme 6.19). Furan is a poor diene and requires high pressure to affect cycloadditions [39]. On the other hand, high temperatures are forbidden because cycloaddition products derived from furan undergo cycloreversion under these conditions. In 5.0m LP-DE, the Diels-Alder reaction of furan with 2,5-dihydrothiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic anhydride proceeds at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in 9.5 h with 70 % yield and with the same diastereos-electivity found when the reaction is carried out under high pressure [40]. 

Keay B. A., Hunt 1. R. Aspects of the Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction of Furan Dienes Leading to the Formation of Epoxydecalin Systems Adv. Cycloaddit. 1999 6 173-210... 

Scheme 6. Photochemical [2 + 2] cycloreversion of the dodecadehydro[18]annulene in furan as the solvent, followed by [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition, gives the oxanorbornadiene adducts 38-40 [66]...

The Diels-Alder cycloaddition of furan and acrylic acid, in the presence of hydroquinone as a polymerization inhibitor, provided enrfo-7-oxabicy-clo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid - (29) in a yield of 45%. Compound 29 was found to be the most accessible and important starting-material for the synthesis of various racemic carba-sugars, as well as their enantiomers. 

The combination of two successive [4+2] cycloadditions has already been described by Diels and Alder [la] for the reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with an excess of furan. A beautiful, more modern, example is the synthesis of pagodane (4-5) by Prinzbach [2], in which an intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction of 4-1 and 4-2 to give 4-3 is followed by an intramolecular cycloaddition. The obtained 4-4 is then transformed into 4-5 (Scheme 4.1). 

The study of the cycloaddition behavior of l,l-dichloro-2-neopentylsilene, C Si =CHCH2Bu (2) [3], reveals the high polarity of the Si=C bond and a strong electrophilicity. The [4+2] cycloaddition reactions with anthracene (3), cyclopentadiene (4) and fulvenes (5) proceed as expected surprising, however, the Diels-Alder reactions with dienes are of lower activity, like naphthalene (6) and furans (7). 

MCP (1) is not known to undergo [4 + 2] cycloadditions. The substitution of two, or more, ring protons with fluorine atoms, however, seems to improve dramatically the dienophilic reactivity of the exocyclic double bond. 2,2-Di-fluoromethylenecyclopropane (5) is a quite reactive dienophile in Diels-Alder cycloadditions. With cyclopentadiene (6) and furan (7), it formed two isomeric adducts (Scheme 1) [9]. In both cases the adduct with the endo CF2 group is the major isomer. 

At ambient pressure, 195a did not undergo intramolecular [4 + 2] cycloaddition even at temperatures up to 150°C. The use of Lewis acids to promote the Diels-Alder reactions was of marginal success only. In contrast, on exposing the furan derivatives 195 to high pressure (10kbar) in 0.1-0.5 moll-1 solutions at 60-70°C, a clean cycloaddition took place (Table 18). 

Cycloaddition reactions of furans are still widely used as key steps in the construction of complex molecules including natural products. As an example, the intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 2-amido substituted furans provides a useful tool for the synthesis of fused, nitrogen-containing poly-heterocycles. Thus, thermolysis of 3-substituted amidofuran produces tricyclic indolinone 39 as a 2 1 mixture of diastereomers via amidofuran cycloaddition-rearrangement methodology, which serves as a key intermediate in the total synthesis of ( )-dendrobine, a major component of the Chinese ornamental orchid Dendrobium nobile . 

An electron-withdrawing group on the alkenyl double bond has been shown to greatly facilitate the Diels-Alder cycloaddition with furan as depicted below < 00TL9387>. 

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